Sympathy and Empathy in Early Childhood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1631 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Empathy is a trait that pushes the world in a positive direction. This trait can be defined as being able to understand and feel what someone else is going through as if you experienced it yourself. Children can often be brutally honest and the candor in their comments can lead to the harm of others. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sympathy and Empathy in Early Childhood" essay for you Create order This poses the question of whether or not empathy and sympathy are programmed into human nature. Sympathy differs from empathy by focusing on feelings of sadness, sorrow, or discomfort for others such as pity. Empathy is important in forming respect and provides a foundation upon which people have the ability to develop the proper emotions given the situations at hand. Children are the future of the world, and in order to produce supportive and understanding adults who are able to give back to their communities, families, friends and even strangers, it is important to understand empathy in children. Leading into adulthood, empathy becomes more important due to the increased availability of resources accessible to the individual. This increase in resources allows for action on a larger scale. The results of empathy often conclude in a prosocial or helping behavior which contribute to the well-being of others. These behaviors fuel positive impact in the world. It is one thing to feel another persons pain and express emotion but acting upon that feeling can make way for a better future for everyone. To gain a better knowledge on the topic of empathy in children, it is necessary to understand what leads him/her to help. In the article, Prosocial Arousal in Children, written by Robert Hepach, this topic is discussed in great detail. He reveals that childrens helping behavior emerges early in toddlerhood which suggests that helping behaviors are a part of our humanity. Whether or not the helping behavior was altruistic (without self-concern or self-benefit) or done with hopes of self-benefit, poses another element to the topic of empathy. The article states that motivation for helping cannot solely be determined by behavior or physiological aspects, but internal emotions must also be examined. In order to more fully understand the concept, Hepach asks, What is the source of childrens concern in the moment of helping? Hepach observed previous research to draw conclusions to this question. (INTEXTCITATION) Previous research revealed that children were more likely to help others if an incident occurred spontaneously rather than with planned intent. The finding provides insight into the motivations of the child. Internal arousal in children was measured, when helping, to further understanding of the childs assessment in regard to emotions on whether or not they would help the individual. After measuring the internal arousal of children, it was concluded that children experienced prosocial arousal in terms of others unfulfilled needs. The arousal is prosocial because it occurs in the presence of the needs of others. The children saw the needs of someone else and were motivated to achieve what needed to be done in order to solve the need. The presence of prosocial behavior in children is observable but a closer look must be taken to achieve a greater sense on why young children come to the aid of others in a time of need. There are many ways in which children help, whether it be: sharing toys, comforting those in distress, or providing instrumental help. Instrumental helping was observed more often than helping or comforting others, but an emotional interest was present more frequently when comforting those in distress. Children will help at seemingly random, uninstructed times, regardless of social praise. This response demonstrates an innate desire in children to help. There are multiple theories as to why children help: involve his/herself in a social interaction, coordinating goals with another individual (this theory shows less motivation in the aspect of improving others well-being), and reconstruction the natural order or tying up loose ends. To distinguish motivation, emotional and physiological aspects are observed as well as how often the child steps in to help. After reviewing studies that measured heart rate, pupil dilation, and observable characteristics, Hepach concluded younger children (children around the age of two) were motivated to help others regardless of the presence of a potential self-benefit. The question as to whether or not the helping behavior of a child can be predicted still remains unanswered. When finding out if helping behaviors can be predicted, some emotions can be tested to find a potential relationship. In the article, Predicting Sympathy and Prosocial Behavior From Young Children, a relationship between dispositional sadness, prosocial behaviors and sympathy is sought after. A longitudinal study with 256 children was conducted in hopes to find potential predictors of prosocial behaviors. At 18, 30, and 42 months, questionnaires were filled out by caregivers. The caregivers were instructed to rate their childs dispositional sadness, prosocial behaviors, and sympathy. During this time, the experimenter would be in a room with the child where he/she would drop a box of toys on his/her foot and would pretend to be injured for a minute. The incident would be videotaped and coded to rate the childs sadness, prosocial behaviors and sympathy. To rate these reactions, the coders looked for responses in the children such as how often they glanced back and forth at the experim enters foot and the experimenter, how the childs eyebrows moved, whether or not they approached the experimenter, and if they did, whether they hugged or kissed the experimenter, and other types of responsive behavior. The results of the study were not supportive of the hypothesis of sadness impacting prosocial behavior. At 18 months, higher sadness ratings typically resulted in lower prosocial behaviors. The measures of sadness were not consistent with that of the prosocial behaviors observed. They are likely to change as the children grow in age as a result of the emotional states becoming more controllable. With age, the children might show more sympathy as a result of sadness. In the two later trials, the relationship between sympathy and prosocial behaviors began to increase in strength and a more visible positive relationship was witnessed. It is difficult to distinguish a relationship between these variables earlier in the childs life but becomes more apparent later in early childhood. Sympathy can somewhat be used as a predictor of prosocial behaviors in early childhood but there are other factors that impact the presence of empathy. Nature or nurture is a debatable topic in psychology that has been present for many years. The topics of genetics and environment tend to play a role in almost every situation revolving around how someone came to be a certain way. This discussion comes into play when searching for answers regarding empathy. The article, Examining the Familial Link Between Positive Affect on Empathy Development in the Second Year helps to add to this discussion as well as components on helping, concern, and positive and negative affect. In this longitudinal study, 584 twins were observed at ages 12-25 months. It was predicted that empathy would be related to helping and that girls would show more concern. The article stated, Biological factors influence empathy and altruism. This statement was taken from previous research that had uncovered these findings. Children typically start to possess the ability to hold concern and perform helping behaviors around the age of two. In the study conducted, the researchers expected the presence of positive affect to predict greater empathy at the time of the study and at later months. The researchers also predicted the environment to explain early positive affect as well as empathy. Following previous results from other research, it was expected that girls would have higher empathic traits. During the study, the children and his/her caregiver participated in four lab appointments. Pleasure and temperament were assessed in the children during these visits and the parents filled out questionnaires. The questionnaires measured zygosity diagnoses and positive affect. The lab measures included an altered game of peek-a-boo, a puppet game, and an instance in which the caregiver would fake pain after being pinched by a clipboard. These experiments would be coded to understand the childrens empathy, helping behavior, empathic concern, negative affect, and hypothesis testing. A behavior-genetics analysis was also conducte d to comprehend the impact genetics and environment has in relation to positive affect, helping, concern, and hypothesis testing. The study found that positive affect in early childhood is related to higher empathy and helping behaviors. Slight gender differences were found which led to the findings of girls displaying more empathic and prosocial behaviors although boys are not any less capable of performing these actions. The positive affect did not differ between males and females, which was unexpected. A rise of helping, concern, hypothesis testing, and a fall in negative affect was found in the later lab tests (19-25 months). Observing twins gave the chance to observe the role that genetics and environment have in impacting positive affect and empathy. Shared environment and genetics displayed similar positive affect, empathic standings on helping, and concern. This study brings similar results from the previous study that was discussed and adds on the components of genetics and environment as to what makes a child more likely to help. Conclusion Knowing that the majority of humans are capable of feeling empathy, we can make implications as to what can help this sensation remain alive and what can be done to help it grow. Understanding that the environment in which a child resides impacts this trait can help parents in the way they raise their children in hopes to raise a respectful, kind child into a positive, caring adult. As a childs emotional state matures, empathy and sympathy begin to become more relevant in his/her life. This maturity leads to an awareness of others and gives the growing child a choice to act upon feelings of sympathy.

Classroom Procedures For Preschool Classroom - 1478 Words

Classroom Procedures for Preschool One must look at classroom management as a plan for what procedures students will follow throughout the day. Teachers must understand their role in making sure students have a successful experience each day. Wong H. Wong R., state â€Å"Effective teachers teach how to responsibly follow procedures† (2009, p. 165). To have a smooth-running classroom with minimal behaviors, students must be taught classroom procedures from the very first day. In my classroom we have procedures for many things we do each day. Some of these are arrival of children, snack time, lining up and walking down the hallway, and cleaning up centers. I have been teaching these procedures for many years with much success. Arrival of†¦show more content†¦192). Lining up and walking down the hallways is a procedure that we have also. In our classroom, we have sixteen pieces of tape lined up in front of the door, one for each student. I first started this proce dure to be sure no student was left behind in the classroom. It helped with that while at the same time giving children their own space. Our line consists of a line leader, two door holders, other students, and then at the end is the caboose. Everston and Emmer (2013), talk about how line leaders are helpful and the children like the privilege of this job. They also talk about how noise can disturb other classrooms so it’s best to not allow any talking. This is very true in our school setting. There is a flex-learning area for K-6 grade that we walk through each day. The tape for the leader, door holders, and caboose are all different so the children know where to stand. Children are expected to be quiet and to keep their hands to themselves as we walk down the hallway. To help with this we say our hallway rhyme, â€Å"Peanut butter lips, marshmallow toes, hand down to our side, and follow our nose†. Cleaning up centers is another important procedure we have. Th ree minutes before cleanup happens, the student that is the timer that day rings a drum and then turns over a three-minute sand timer. That child also chooses what the cleanup songShow MoreRelatedDual Coding Theory And Its Effect On The Way Of A Person Remembers A Memory1153 Words   |  5 Pages2 (consistency) design. There was 16 items presented in the graduate student office and in the preschool classroom, eight were consistent and eight were inconsistent. Another group of students selected the items from a 25 list of items. The participants were to judge the items on 1) consistency with a graduate’s office and inconsistent with preschool classroom and 2) consistent with preschool classroom and inconsistent with a graduate’s office. Two items from the list were acquired to demonstrateRead MoreResearch Design And Research Project903 Words   |  4 Pagesexpectations as it relates to the push to limit gender stereotypes in the classrooms of young preschool-age stud ents. 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Inclusive education is defined as students with disabilities, being supported in age appropriate general education classrooms, at their home school, and receiving specialized instruction as needed per the student’s IEP (Individualized Education Program) within the general education class curriculum and activities. Inclusion is there to help student with special needs in attending school regularlyRead MoreShould Schools Be Resistant? Technology Integration?1340 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Collins and Halverson (2009), schools can be resistant to technology integration, because it is inclined to intterupt traditional clas sroom practices. The teaching profession is known for its traditional procedures and practices. At the height of the technology boom, the majority of classroom teachers originated from a very different generation. According to National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future (2011), over half of today’s teachers are â€Å"baby boomers†, 50 years of ageRead MoreCorrelation Between Purposeful Movement Within The Classroom And Improved Attention Span With An Increase Student Achievement1382 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between purposeful movement in the classroom and improved attention span with an increase in student achievement. In this chapter important literature was reviewed to bring light to movement, active learning and the effects it has on the human brain. In many settings, early childhood education is becoming increasingly structured, with emphasis on academic achievement and testing. Using movement activities throughout the day

Is America prepared for another terrorist attack Free Essays

string(159) " Authorities are also experimenting with facial recognition software, though existing versions are of limited use in scanning crowds for suspected terrorists\." Terrorism is one of the disasters feared all over the world. America particularly is most prone to a terrorist attack than any other nation. The government has tried to come up with several measures to ensure they are ready and prepared to counter any terrorist attack that may occur, especially after the unexpected 2001 September 11th attack. We will write a custom essay sample on Is America prepared for another terrorist attack? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, eight years later, America is still not fully prepared incase of another attack. This term paper addresses the issue of the preparedness of America in dealing with or preventing terrorist attacks. Is America prepared for another terrorist attack? Introduction The threat of terrorist events involving weapons of mass destruction is real. The September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon changed the United States forever, ushering in a host of new and unprecedented realities for the American people, for the intelligence and national security communities, for medical personnel, for private security entities, and perhaps especially for the police, fire, and emergency medical personnel. In particular, police, fire and emergency medical service personnel, the agencies and individuals most likely to be the first responders to possible terrorist attacks, faced compelling demands to adopt new strategies and tactics, to undertake new training, and to view their roles and their work in an entirely different way. This term paper aims at finding out whether the American government has prepared enough to counter another terrorist attack without experiencing the problems encountered in 2001. The police, fire and emergency medical personnel As first responders, police, fire, and emergency medical service personnel are our first line of defense in case of a terrorist attack, but the enormity and complexity of the challenges that they face makes it abundantly clear that they alone cannot bear the responsibility for ensuring our safety. Although first responders play an absolute critical role in homeland security and domestic preparedness, and although a great deal of attention and resources have already been focused on them to counter the terrorist threat, much more needs to be done. Perhaps most important, realistic potential that American people, towns, and cities may again come under attack from terrorist demands that significant system changes occur throughout the range of public agencies and private entities charged with the responsibility of ensuring public safety. For the American government to be fully prepared, it must develop and implement a broader, more coordinated, more cohesive, and more focused approach to terrorism and to weapons of mass destruction and that approach must involve new relationships between and among all of these public agencies and private entities. (Roberts, 2005) The police and the emergency workers who might be called on to respond initially to a nuclear, biological, or chemical event are not adequately trained to deal effectively with those events. This is not to say that most police and emergency workers lack any training in this area. It means that they lack the highly specific training and special expertise required to recognize and deal with many of the complex and unique threats posed by such events. At present, many also lack the special tools, gear, and protective equipment these events may require. Patrol officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel who initially respond to an event involving weapons of mass destruction should not be expected to undertake the specific duties and responsibilities that are better performed by well-equipped and more highly trained specialists. (Lustick, 2006) Since they lack the necessary equipments to deal with the crisis, their primary role should be to recognize the threat, to minimize additional exposure to chemical or biological agents, to ensure safety of victims, to safeguard the scene, and to report their findings to those more competent to deal with these issues. Another primary responsibility is to minimize their own contact with the chemical of biological agent and to provide as much information as possible to ensure the safety and the effectiveness of other responding units. First responders who rush in to a weapons of mass destruction event not only risk death or serious injuries from secondary devices that may have been placed at or near the scene precisely to disable or kill rescuers, but they may also become a significant liability to other victims as well as to other responders if they become contaminated or injured themselves. Such first responders who rush in and become victims may exacerbate the overall problem, consuming precious time and resources. (Mandaville, 2009) Developing capacity to prevent terrorist attacks Surveillance, physical barriers, and advanced technology have played a prominent role in the security improvement efforts explored by most communities since the September 11th terrorist attack. For example, security cameras are keeping watch over banks, embassies, schools, and a variety of other buildings as well as traffic intersections, shopping centers, parks and many other public gathering spaces. The striking image of London subway bombers captured by the cities extensive video surveillance system and a raising sense that similar attacks could happen in the United States are renewing interest in expanding police camera of public places. The London bombings showcased the capabilities of digital video surveillance system when ,after July 7 and July 21, 2005, attacks, authorities quickly produced relatively high resolution images of the suspected bombers that benefited fast moving investigators. However, critics said that the London attacks also highlighted the limitations of camera surveillance: they did not prevent terrorist bombings in the heart of the city. (Forest, 2006) Still, even with suicide bombers, camera surveillance can help with the hunt for the terrorist cells that provide them with crucial logistical support. Emerging technologies offer even greater promise. In 2006, Chicago installed gunshot detection equipment on cameras to automatically alert authorities and point the camera in the direction of the sound. Also, New Jersey Transit has a pilot project in one station that uses computer analysis of video to alert authorities of suspicious behavior, such as someone leaving a package behind. Authorities are also experimenting with facial recognition software, though existing versions are of limited use in scanning crowds for suspected terrorists. You read "Is America prepared for another terrorist attack?" in category "Papers" In San Francisco, the mayors have been noted advocates for expanding the city’s surveillance camera program. (Alexandrov, 1996) Another example of preparedness for a terrorist attack is by the Long Beach Airport in southern Los Angeles County, which has developed a plan to implement a sophisticated wireless video surveillance platform. The airport, an alternative to Los Angeles International Airport hosts major Airlines such as Alaska Airlines, America West Airlines and Jet Blue Airways. The new wireless surveillance system’s purpose is to enable three separate Long Beach Airport security operation centers to simultaneously monitor distant sites, including secured airport areas, public parking lots, and road way tunnels. This system provides a single wireless solution for viewing, storing and managing real-time video from more than 100 cameras, becoming one of the very first wireless surveillance systems to be installed at any airport in the United States. With this integrity, security platform personnel at three locations in Long Beach (the Command and Control Centre, the Security Operations Centre, and the Security Safety Office) will be able to monitor information while viewing live video feeds at the same time from the same computer. (Fawdah etal, 2003) Video surveillance has also become a prominent feature of the nation’s passenger railways. For example, the Washington D. C. , Metro system has partnered with the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Transportation, and the Department of Justice to develop the Program for Response Options and Technology Enhancements for Chemical or Biological Terrorism (PROTECT). PROTECT combines a closed-circuit television (CCTV) system, an operations control centre, and advanced sectors to alert authorities if a terrorist releases a chemical or a biological agent on a subway platform or in a train. Preparing Americans Psychologists are beginning to have a stronger appreciation of the fact that humans are extremely resilient, even in times of crisis. Accordingly, the American government should also try to nurture the quality of resilience in its citizens. More recent work has considered how this concept has relevance, not just for adults, but also for communities, particularly in the wake of a disaster; it is argued that community resilience can be nurtured through readiness, response and recovery phases of a disaster. So, for instance, by minimizing the subject fear of terrorism, the American government can empower its citizens to exert a greater level of confidence in their respective communities’ abilities to anticipate and respond to security threats. Ultimately, in doing so, one of the most potent weapons that terrorists possess -fear- may be squashed. (Rowitz 2005) Its also critical not to install fear in individuals when preparing for disaster, since such individuals generally ignore such messages; additionally, fear arousing information is particularly helpful when followed by practical suggestions as how to address given concerns. Some have argued that the Department of Homeland Security, along with its affiliated Web site(www. ready. gov) has failed to appropriately address individuals’ fears and the ways to nurture resilience by making extreme and often erroneous suggestions (e. g. , encouraging individuals to have a supply of antibiotics on hand) while not addressing events that have a greater likelihood of promoting panic (e. g. , how to get trampled in a crowd should a â€Å"dirty bomb† attack occur). (Ursano, etal 2003) Analysis There is no further need to speculate as to how the American government would likely respond to a terrorist attack, such as the 2001 terrorist attack. It is evident that significant work remains in order to secure the American Homeland incase of an attack or when disaster strikes. The occurrence of Hurricane Katrina was a good indicator of America’s preparedness. By the end of four days or so after Katrina struck, National Guardsmen and supplies started to pour into the city. Most, but not all, residents had been evacuated out of New Orleans and left with very uncertain futures. The rescuers were met unprepared, which led to delays in rescuing the victims. Katrina dramatically revealed the incredible degree to which we are still unable to respond and proactively anticipate disasters. However, that there have been, are, and will likely always be large gaps in protecting the American homeland should not be surprising. In a country as geographically vast as the United states, American needs to appreciate that –regardless of whether politicians may promise-every square inch of this country can not be guarded or protected at all times. Whether in a mall, on a train, at a school or in the work place, most of us are probably well aware that if someone is intent on carrying out a physical harm to others, there is a good probability that such an event will occur. Sadly, there are many instances of deadly violence that have occurred at all of the above locations and others, such as the shooting, rampage that took place in 1993 on the Long Island Railroad or the 1999 Columbine High School Massacre. There is also a difference between acts executed by one by one or two troubled individuals versus those committed by an organized group of individuals such as al Qaeda members. While we can fully eradicate the risk of single terrorists, we can certainly do more to minimize the risk posed by terrorists groups, although this risk too can never be completely eliminated. Conclusion The new realities of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction demand a new set of policies, practices and relationships among and between a host of entities and institutions charged with the responsibility to ensure public safety. The government still has a lot of work to do in readiness of effective response should another terrorist attack occur. As learnt from the experiences and lessons of the September 11th attacks on the world Trade Centre and the Pentagon, police, fire, and emergency medical services face unprecedented challenges in the future, and similar challenges confront virtually every institution in the United States. As seen in this paper, there are a lot of issues, problems and threats posed by the specter of terrorism and terrorists’ use of weapons of mass destruction. This calls for the need for highly coordinated response and recovery planning that integrates resources, skills, personnel, and capabilities of a range of public sector organizations. No plan can pretend to be perfect, there are simply too many unforeseen issues and exigencies that arise in specific events, and the planning must therefore be crafted for flexibility and adaptability. This involves nothing less than a new midst that accepts, accounts for, and takes up the challenges posed by the realities of our world. Recent studies reveal the extent and the dimension of the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction, their availability to terrorists and extremist groups, and the massive casualties that can inflict on public safety personnel and members of the public. These threats are not likely to subside, and in fact may increase. (Ackerman 2007). There is a pressing need for more and better training for the first responders to such events so that they can recognize events involving weapons of mass destructions and so that they can operate safely to minimize deaths, injuries, and damage. Similarly, there’s need for more and better equipment to help rescuers achieve their goals. This calls for a new mindset among emergency workers, and a mindset for of safety and preparedness that infiltrates all their duties and activities. In addition to anticipating and preventing terrorism, Americans need to have a better understanding of the root causes of terrorism. We should not excuse or condone the actions of terrorists. It is also naive logic to presume that terrorists are simply evil individuals and that killing such people will end the security concerns. Individuals such as al Qaeda leaders Osama bin Laden, Ayman Al-Zawahiri, and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi absolutely need to be captured or killed. References 1) Forest James J. F. (2006). Homeland Security: Public spaces and social institutions. Greenwood Publishing Group 2) Roberts Albert R. 3rd edition. (2005). Crisis intervention handbook: assessment, treatment, and research. Oxford University Press US; pg 189-198 3) Rowitz Louis (2005). Public health for the 21st century: the prepared leader. Jones Bartlett Publishers; pg 80-90 4) Lustick Ian (2006). Trapped in the war on terror. University of Pennsylvania Press; pg 8 5) Ackerman Bruce A. (2007). Before the Next Attack: Preserving Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism. Yale University Press; pg 114-116 6) Mandaville Michael(2009). Citizen-Soldier Handbook: 101 Ways Every American Can Fight Terrorism. Dog Ear Publishing, 2009; pg 89-95 7) Fawdah Yusri, Fielding Nick. (2003) Masterminds of terror: the truth behind the most devastating terrorist attack the world has ever seen. Arcade Publishing; pg 201 8) Alexandrov Stanimir A. (1996). Self-defense against the use of force in international law; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; pg 181-183 9) Ursano Robert J. , Fullerton Carol S. , Norwood Ann E. (2003). Terrorism and disaster: individual and community mental health interventions. Cambridge University Press; pg 287 How to cite Is America prepared for another terrorist attack?, Papers

Leadership in Aviation Business Opportunities

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Aviation for Business Opportunities. Answer: Introduction The safety and operational issues stemming from drastic environmental concerns have provided a major focus to alter the leadership attributes of the aviation sector. The majority of the leaders has faced the sustainability issue and global challenges to meet the set goals of the airline organisations. At the same time, the diversified business environment has also given lessons to the leaders on how to cope up with the challenges and allied business opportunities (Assaf Josiassen, 2011). This scenario has become more crucial as the global aviation industry has experienced a range of alteration due to the socio-economic fluctuation and other political factors. Considering the fact, the current study attempts to discuss the characteristics of the successful leaders in the aviation industry, followed by the identification of its impact on the organisational performance. A range of personal experience and the general opinion of the leaders have been conducted to draw a potential inference of the study. The contribution made by the leaders to the success of the aviation organisations Leaders are the key factors for making the business opportunities by influencing all the economic, societal, political, and the technological determinants. It has been identified in the case of United Airlines Flight 232 DC-10 accident; there is a good implementation of contingency leadership in Captain AI Haynes leadership style. The followers are the most important factor as the people adhered the way that allowed the crew to perform an emergency landing to save the lives of the travellers. According to the opinion of Greenstein (2009), loss of some passengers had occurred but the decision had also helped to survive the lives maximum passengers and the flight officials. Furthermore, the Ansett Airlines is one of the leading examples to grow slowly from the Ansett Airlines to Ansett-ANA. Considering the words of McClellan (2009), the effective leadership style like McGregor's X-Y Theory has been followed by the leaders of Ansett to expand the business. Supporting this, Hicks (2013) cited that the founder of the Southwest Airlines has focused on the good citizenship behaviour to increase the superior performance. The leaders of the Southwest Airlines focus on making work culture for enthusiastic motivate the employees to be the organisational citizens. Adding to this, the founder of the JetBlue inspired the employees to the organisational citizenship through the factor of dedication (Rolkov Farkaov, 2015). Later on, the founder has progressed to form another successful airline like Azul Brazilian. Thus, it could be inferred that the contribution of the leaders is effective to establish the organisational success. The characteristics of the successful leaders in the industry Without the presence of a strong leader an organisational cannot be successful in the industry. The past scholars voted that self-management is one of the foremost characteristics of a successful leader. In the opinion of Ruderman (2008), an effective leader can regulate the time, feelings, attention and emotion to reinforce the strengths of the organisation and the employees. The resilience of the leaders involves managing the stress of the employees outside the work. It has been found that a successful manager has the capability to use the power correctly. The responsibility and the accountability of the leaders help the organisation to reduce the operational mistakes and establishing a balancing perspective for taking suitable actions (Steiner, 2013). Furthermore, the team building initiatives are one of the most participating approaches of the leaders to reform a group with a distinct personality and the skills for increasing the organisational productivity. Considering the opinion of Saini (2015), the leaders must follow a good code of conduct and the best ethical practices for increasing the organisation value and employee loyalty index. The problem-solving capacity of the leaders requires a variety of ideas and opinions to eliminate any organisational conflicting situation. The problem-solving attitude of the leaders is beneficial for minimising the environmental issues of the aviation sector. Hence, it could be deduced that the leaders of the organisation have to preserve a sustain vision for making a concrete goal for the organisation. Identifying the three levels of analysis of leadership theory The three levels of leadership have the ability to anticipate and deal with the changes for establishing good leaders apart from the others. Every organisation has a greater need for employing an effective leadership. As per the three domain leadership model, the simple structure of the leadership model develops the employee skills by providing a good framework for training the employees (Shinfuku, 2010). The three levels of leadership theory can be categorised as below: Managing self for leadership domain Leading and managing the team and organisation domain Leading, managing, and adapting to the external environment domain The first level of leadership capacity in the model identifies the skill and talent of the subordinates. The management provides a good training session to the employees for increasing the performance measures (McClellan, 2009). The second domain is the reflection of the effective work of the leaders in the changing environment within the workplace. The third level helps the leaders to build a strong formal and informal network team to obtain regular feedback on the organisational process. Hence, the leader reviews the actions and modifies the strategies as per the requirement of the organisational success. Discussing the role of a leader in contributing to group effectiveness In order to develop a socially-based relationship role of a leader is a foremost important factor. The socially based relationship with the followers is significant as it is more effective rather than the economic-based relationship. As per the opinion of Greenstein (2009), it is the leaders ability to build potential organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). It has been speculated that OCB is required to openly recognise the performance of the employees and provide an attractive formal reward system. OCB is also beneficial to promote an effective organisational culture (Rolkov Farkaov, 2015). Adding to this, employee retention policy of the leaders is another significant factor that influences the quality the employee relationship status of an organisation. In the case of Aviation Industry, employee retention is one of the most important opportunities to inspire the workforce. Furthermore, the leaders can create a positive exchange environment that allows the subordinates to align the social identities with the organisational identities. The span of control becomes more effortless and valuable as the followers can communicate directly with the leaders. In the opinion of Steiner (2013), the leader provides a high structure for the extreme job satisfaction of the employees. AS the followers do not provide any types of authority leadership, thus, the leaders offer consideration in the workplace to uphold a good organisational culture. For an example, Saini (2015) mentioned that Emirates Group, France Group and the Lufthansa Group are leading players to improve the group effectiveness through the assistance of a potential leader. Hence, effective team building attitude, well communicator and a good decision making approach are the most imperative role of a good leader in the aviation sector. Discussing the positive impact of leadership on organisational performance in the aviation industry Being able to maintain strategic business planning: The leadership approach in the airline sector helps to develop a strategic business plan. Eventually, the complex tasks get resolved. A sound leader brings workforce motivation and engages the employees within the business analysis process. Finally, the actual business need gets identified. A flexible leader also helps the staff to conduct a variety of market survey to determine the loopholes and the strength of the firms. Thus, the identified gaps can be minimised. The brand gets higher sustainability as well. Audley et al. (2010) also added that best in class leaders become able to look the variation of the industry and exploit technology to draw a new business model. Leaders from the corporate like Emirates, British Airline, etc. have managed to take care of the cost efficiency and greater differentiation of the brands from the others. Eventually, the brands have successfully managed the potential relationship with the investors. Improving the customer focus and brand identity: A flexible leadership style considers the Fielders Contingency theory, which helps to execute more control to the compound business situation. Assaf Josiassen (2011) stated that leaders in the aviation industry need to follow a Dyadic Approach to increase the team effectiveness and the overall organisational success. Similarly, the majority of the directors working in the air transport sector develop a vertical dyadic theory and leader-member exchange theory to create individual responses among the in groups and out groups. For example, the integration and self-promotion of the Ryanairs leaders make it feasible to maintain greater brand identity in the global aviation sector (Cento, 2009). Thus, it can be stated that the improved responses make the leaders able to identify the basic need of the customers depending on which, strategic intervention takes place. Therefore, the brand image increases. Describing the determinants of organisational performance The internal and external business environment can be considered as the determinant of the corporate performance of the airline industry. Suppliers, competitors and the market uncertainty are considered as the external circumstances that direct the execution of the airline firms. Eid Zaidi (2010) supported the fact and stated that the internal locus of control helps the air leaders to prefer a participative style, which improves the approach towards the employee. Thus, the overall performance increases. On the other hand, Neises (2013) stated that more than 35% of the aviation firms lack from adequate corporate governance and leadership approaches to managing the brand sustainability in the global business environment. Nicolini Salini (2006) stated that Emirates Airline has become successful in executing effective branding strategy and innovativeness as well. As a whole, the brand has met higher organisational success. Thus, the two dimensions need to be integrated each other to ac hieve long-term business goals in the volatile and turbulent market situation also. The leadership skills developed for the personal and professional life experience The Path-Goal and Contingency Theory have helped the researcher while gathering the live expertise in the aviation sector. While managing employee attrition in the Ryanair airline, a lot of employee resistance and the turbulent business situation had been experienced by the current researcher. However, the employment of path-goal theory has helped to retain a few skilled workers, due to the introduction of attractive reward paths and career goals (Nataraja Alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ AaliAbdulrahman, 2011). Thus, the retained employees became motivated, and Ryanair airline again started performing significantly in the global business market. The experience not only improved organisational performance but also helps in improving the personal life experience as well. On the other hand, the Fielders Contingency theory has also helped to identify the operational gaps of National DC8, which met a crash in the year 1991. Past researchers have also revealed the fact that the lack of contingency pulling and technological adaptation had reduced the operational efficacy and resulted from massacre for the airline (Gures et al. 2014). Thus, developing a romantic element within the leaders has become a mandatory factor to improve the brand image and sustainability in the global market. Thus, it can be stated that the employment of contingency theory could help the leaders developing strategic goals and meet the long-term vision as well. Conclusion Managing safety, competency and sustainability have become a crucial task for the aviation industry. Lots of ups and downs are experienced by the global airline organisations. In the majority of the times, lack of strategic planning and corporate governance created issues within the industry. The overall analysis indicates that strategic planning comes from a sound leadership style, which prioritises on environmental sustainability, ethical behaviour and the overall organisational performance as well. A participative leadership nature can generate openness within the operational system, as it allows free involvement of the stakeholders in the decision making process. Therefore, managing environmental sustainability along with the organisational competitiveness could become an easy task for the airline organisations. With an increase of the business status, the trust factor and the brand loyalty index of the aviation industry can be improved. As a whole, the firm level and external st akeholder related benefit can be offered in the global context. References: Assaf, A.G. Josiassen, A. (2011) The operational performance of UK airlines: 2002à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2007, Journal of Economic Studies, 38(1), 516. Audley, A.-M., Carlsen, K.-H. Fletcher, M. (2010) The European lung foundation database on airlines policies for patients who require oxygen supplementation during air travel, Primary Care Respiratory Journal, 19(3), 284284 Cento, A. (2009) The airline industry. United States: Physicaverlag Heidelberg. Eid, R. Zaidi, M. (2010) CRM in the context of airline industry, International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management, 1(2), 3542 Greenstein, F. I. (2009). The presidential difference: Leadership style from FDR to Barack Obama (Third edition) (3rd ed.). United States: Princeton University Press. Gures, N., Arslan, S. Yucel Tun, S. (2014) Customer expectation, satisfaction and loyalty relationship in Turkish airline industry,International Journal of Marketing Studies, 6(1), 23-36 Hicks, R. F. (2013). Coaching as a leadership style: The art and science of coaching conversations for healthcare professionals. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. McClellan, J. L. (2009). The levels of leadership and transcendent servant leadership development. Journal of Leadership Education, 8(2), 88110. Nataraja, S. Alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ AaliAbdulrahman (2011) The exceptional performance strategies of Emirate airlines,Competitiveness Review, 21(5), 471486 Neises, L. (2013) Social Crm in the airline industry: Engaging the digital natives. United States: Lit Verlag Nicolini, G. Salini, S. (2006) Customer satisfaction in the airline industry: The case of British airways,Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 22(5), 581589. Rolkov, M., Farkaov, V. (2015). The features of participative management style. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23(4), 13831387. Ruderman, M. N. (2008). Great expectations: Resolving conflicts of leadership style preferences. Leadership in Action, 28(4), 812. Saini, D. (2015). Integral leadership style: A new perspective. International Journal on Leadership, 3(2), 122124. Shinfuku, N. (2010). Three points of leadership. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 2(4), 177178. Steiner, S. (2013). Reflexivity in external religious leaders summit communication sequences (2005-2012) to G8 political leaders: The social (re)construction of cosmopolitan responsibility by world religious leaders. SAGE Open, 3(4), 2426.

Tango - In Spanish Essays - DraftViviana Castrillon,

Tango - In Spanish "El tango tiene el poder de fundir a dos extra?os en uno solo, expresando a trav?s del baile sus deseos? los convierte en grandes amantes y h?roes, aunque sea por un breve momento. El tango es el susurro de la sensualidad que surge del ligero aroma de perfume. El tango es la glamour de un sal?n de baile y tambi?n el misterio de ese mundo que se encuentra debajo. Es la opulencia de Par?s y la obscura cortina humeante de un caf? de Buenos Aires. Es el mundo de met?foras sutiles que captura la melancol?a del coraz?n".

ElectroMagnetic Radiation essays

ElectroMagnetic Radiation essays Electromagnetic radiation is defined as the emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves (Chang, pp. 246). An electromagnetic wave consists of two waves at perpendicular planes, on representing the electrical field while the other represents the magnetic field. This spectrum is split up into about 81 octaves, much like the octaves of sound, which scientists have categorized in order to depict the usefulness of the different properties. Theoretically electromagnetic waves can be as long as the expansive width of the universe in one wave, to a wavelength the size of a quanta (the smallest amount of energy that can be transmitted). That, however, is at this point in time negligible because we either cannot detect wavelengths so extremely large or infinitesimally small. So generally the spectrum is regarded to be set between 30,000,000 km and .0001 angstroms (1 km is equal to 1 X 10^13 angstroms). The longest and least energetic of the accepted wavelengths are radio waves. Their wavelengths range from 300,000 km to 30 cm and a frequency of 30 kHz to 3,000,000 kHz. The waves are used in the transmission of radio and television signals. AM and FM radio signals fall in the long-wave radio range, while TV signals use the short-wave radio range, somewhere in the 3 m wavelength. Radio waves take up about 30 of the 81 octaves. The next slightly more energetic and shorter wavelength is microwaves. Obviously, most are familiar with microwaves since they are always being used to cook food, but microwaves are also used in radiotelescopes and radar, even the radiation from a neutral hydrogen atom falls in this range. Microwave range extends from wavelengths of 30 cm to .3 cm and frequencies of 1-100 billion cycles per second. This corresponds to 6 1/2 octaves. Then comes the infrared range. While much of the radio spectrum passes easily through our atmosphere, in ...

Environment assessment of Apple Inc Research Paper

Environment assessment of Apple Inc - Research Paper Example According to Porter, the threat of substitutes shapes competition within an industry and unless there is demand for a particular product, substitutes may not have any specific impact (Grundy, 2006). It was observed that although Apple is the most favored company as a retail vendor of tablets, its market shares have gone down significantly due to launch of low cost tablets by the competitors such as, Samsung, Asus and Blackberry. In addition, consumers are shifting towards budget phones with similar software and outlook owing to their declining disposable income (The Wall Street Journal, 2014). Previously, Apple faced low competition level as that of innovation was low; but presently, almost all companies are competing at the same level in terms of software and hardware superiority. There is little product differentiation that Apple can incorporate regarding software, but it can utilize the same strategy that the competitors are applying for hardware. Apple needs to upgrade the hardware features offered within a specific price range; in other words, the consumers must be provided with better product related services without increasing the cost. Bargaining power of buyers According to the Porter’s model, the bargaining power of buyers is determined by the concentration of consumers in an industry, product differentiation, brand identity and price sensitivity (Miller, 1988). The major opportunity lying ahead of Apple is that of capturing the market of emerging economies.

Ambiguilty and meaning in the Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Essay

Ambiguilty and meaning in the Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad - Essay Example No, not very clear" (21). There are several sub-meanings in the novel that can be interpreted in several ways. The story in itself was narrated in a non-conventional way that there was a story within a story adding to the ambiguity of the narrative. But the most prominent ambiguity in the novel is moral ambiguity because its standard and application in the novel was uncertain that it is difficult to tell what constitutes right and wrong, good and evil because these standards were unclear and not easily understood in the novel. One of the most prominent ambiguity in the novel is Kurtz and the circumstances about him. Marlow first heard about Kurtz during a meeting with the accountant of the Company on his way to Congo making him a subject of a subject in a novel or a story of a story as Marlow, the protagonist of the story narrates about him. At first Marlow was somewhat impressed by the reputation Kurtz as he was described as â€Å"very remarkable person† (37) in the novel. Bu t as the novel progresses and as more information was revealed about him, his character becomes blurry that it is difficult to describe his circumstances. ... And perhaps being a novel, maybe device some unusual way to extract vengeance from him for his brutality. But no, he was strangely revered by the natives and was even treated like a god. In his deathbed, natives even surrounded him when Marlow paid Kurtz a visit. And even he felt kinship with the natives that the attack on Marlow’s boat was made with the prodding of Kurtz as revealed by the Russian trader so that Kurtz will not be found and perhaps, to be left alone with the natives. These circumstances blur the logical sequence of morality that you will be hated if you harm people. Instead, Kurtz seemed to be adored by the natives whom he used to slaughter for ivory. The use of words and description of places is also ambiguous that made the novel quite difficult to understand. Congo which is a part of Africa and Africa in general was referred to as the real heart of darkness as the title of the novel suggests but it is also described to be not as dark and gloomy as the coloni sts place such as London and Belgium. This run counters to the common view that we are accustomed with that Africa was supposed to be uncivilized and therefore darker and the Europeans which were supposed to be educated and civilize were supposed to be the bearer of light. But this was negated in the narrative because it was Europe that was darker and not the heart of darkness which was Congo. Here, the standard of what is morally desirable is blurred because the place that was assigned to be the heart of darkness was not after all darker but in fact better than Europe which we used to think as civilized. The ending of the novel was also ambiguous.

Nature, Nurture and Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nature, Nurture and Personality - Essay Example I believe that it is this base personality that is genetically determined and is the most important factor in determining the true nature of personality. While there remains a number of external factors that contribute to the development and change of an individual’s personality, my personal understanding is that ultimately personality is most closely linked to these genetic factors that are affected upon in a variety of ways by external cultural and environmental factors. Personality is related to culture in a number of prominent ways. Indeed, this question can be considered on a micro and macro level. On a micro level, immediate social relations affect personality as individuals must tailor their personality and demeanor to fit into a variety of social situations. While this is not directly considered an element of culture, it is culture that determines the social structures in which human beings interact. As culture is a learned phenomenon and has evolved over the centuries there are many such elements that influence personality. It’s important in these regards to consider what constitutes personality. While the outward expression of an individual’s actions has become the accepted definition of personality, can one more accurately identify personality as an entity that is more highly personal? In terms of the first definition, culture greatly determines how a person acts in nearly all situations. In this understanding, personality is also an evolving thing that is directly connected to the evolution of culture. As social mores and appropriateness change with the progression of time, or even with the change of one’s culture surroundings (poor New Orleans vs the Hamptons, for instance) personality continues to be strongly linked to culture. While psychoanalytic thinkers believed that personality was greatly affected by early childhood events that become rooted in unconscious desires and impulses (some of which can be

Kappa Agonists in Management of Pain and Opioid Addiction

Kappa Agonists in Management of Pain and Opioid Addiction Joseph Nguyen Abstract Hypothesis: Opiates mediate pain via opioid receptors, which consist of several subtypes. One subtype, the kappa opioid receptors (KOR), has also been shown to prevent addictive behaviour. Potential novel therapeutic compounds acting on KOR include U50488, CR665, and CR845. It is hypothesized that selective kappa opioid receptor agonists are effective at controlling pain while managing opioid addiction. Methods: Studies for this review were obtained through the PubMed database using a keyword search strategy. Only articles in English published from December 2006 until December 2016 were considered. Results: Kappa agonists are able to decrease inflammatory, visceral, and surgical pain, but are unable to inhibit behaviour-depressing aspects of pain. Kappa agonists also decrease field potential and long-term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala. Additive anti-nociception with mu opioids has been observed as well as decreased fentanyl use, morphine tolerance development, and morphine withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: Kappa agonists can be effective analgesics while also preventing abuse and addiction to mu opioids. Some evidence also suggests kappa agonist activity in the basolateral amygdala can inhibit affective components of pain. Abstract Word Count: 175 Keywords: kappa agonist, pain, analgesia, anti-nociception, tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, addiction Ultramini Abstract: This study reviewed current research on the analgesic and anti-addictive properties of selective kappa agonists for their use in pain management while preventing addiction. Introduction Opioids are one of the most powerful analgesics available with an increasing trend of prescription in the United States. Prescriptions per capita increased 7.3% from 2007-2012 with 259 million prescriptions in 2012, enough for one bottle of opioids per adult (Dowell et al., 2016). On the other hand, use of opioids presents risks including dependence, abuse, addiction, and overdose which lead to negative health, social and economically impacts. From 1999 to 2014, over 165,000 people have died from opioid overdose and in 2013; an estimated 1.9 million people abused or were dependent on prescribed opioids (Dowell, Haegerich Chou, 2016). However, pain treatment should not be ignored as there are clinical, psychological, and social consequences associated with chronic pain including limitations in complex activities, lost work productivity, reduced quality of life, and stigma, emphasizing the importance of appropriate and compassionate patient care (Dowell et al., 2016). The CDC has recently released a guideline, aimed at primary care settings, suggesting prescriptive protocols as well as methods to evaluate risk of patient substance abuse and addiction. However, the majority of evidence reviewed by the guideline had significant limitations. Although the CDC guideline still has value in preventing exacerbation of pre-existing risk of abuse, results and implementation remain to be seen. Efforts have been made to deter abuse through novel drug formulations, barriers, and pharmacokinetics. Nevertheless, nothing can prevent an addicted person from taking multiple doses at once. This may be a result of the inherent nature of the drugs to activate reward pathways in the brain along with its analgesic effects though mu receptors. Another opioid receptor, kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), has been shown to limit motivational properties of drug abuse (Lalanne, Ayranci, Keiffer Lutz, 2014). This has sparked interest in development of kappa agonists as novel analgesics with low abuse potential. Examples of known selective kappa agonists include U50488, CR665, and CR845 among many others including those continuing to be developed. However, questions still remain about analgesic efficacy and complications for patients already addicted to mu opioids transitioning to kappa agonists. This literature review explores the anti-nociceptive efficacy of kappa agonists and their ability to m anage opioid addicted patients. Balancing adequate pain control with risk of future abuse has been a difficult endeavour for physicians as well as patients. This topic was chosen to investigate the possibility of a potent pain medication without addictive properties as an alternative to traditional mu opioids. Surely, this would be a major instrument in the treatment of chronic pain. This study will be done under the hypothesis that kappa agonists are effective in management of pain and opioid addiction. Methods A search was performed for published literature on PubMed. Search terms were selected to assess analgesic properties and anti-addiction properties of kappa agonists on opiate use (Table 1). The search terms used included: pain, chronic pain, kappa opioid, kappa agonist, pain control, anti-nociception, withdrawal, dependence, addiction, and tolerance. This study looked at articles in English published between December 2006 and December 2016. Articles of all levels of evidence were considered and included review, preclinical, and clinical data. The initial search produced 574 results. These resources were then screened with the following exclusion criteria: articles not involving kappa agonists/receptors, articles on opioids without kappa receptor selectivity, articles on opioids with dual agonist activity, articles on kappa agonist interaction with drugs that were not analgesics. Abstract reviews of the remaining articles were performed to select for articles on analgesic efficacy or anti-addictive properties of selective kappa agonists. The resulting collection of evidence was organized into an evidence table (Appendix). Table 1-Keyword Search Strategy Population Intervention Comparison Outcome Pain OR Chronic Pain Kappa opioid OR Kappa agonist Analgesia OR Analgesic OR Pain control OR Antinociception OR Anti-nociception OR Withdrawal OR Dependence OR Addiction OR Tolerance Results A final total of 11 articles were included in this study, the majority being animal studies on mice or rats. One study involved rhesus monkeys. There was one study that involved a human clinical trial. Also, there was one review using human clinical trials focused only on peripherally selective kappa agonists. Table 2-Summary of Study Designs Reviewed Study Design # of Studies Animal Models 9 Clinical Trials 1 Review 1 Analgesic Efficacy An animal study by Auh and Ro (2012) induced inflammation in rat hindpaws with injections of complete Freunds adjuvant. After 3 days, when mechanical hyperalgesia was well developed, local injections of kappa agonist U50488 were given at different doses and mechanical threshold for hindpaw withdraw response was measured. The results showed dose-dependent increase in mechanical threshold by local injections of U50488 (Auh Ro, 2012). A time effect was also observed where increasing doses of U50488 prolonged the anti-hyperalgesia effect. The role of kappa opioids in inflammatory pain was also studied by Moon et al. (2016) in a research on the effects of peripheral kappa opioid receptors and arthritic pain. Arthritis was induced in rats using 1% ÃŽÂ »-carrageenan injected into the knee. After nociceptive behaviour was maximally expressed (reduced weight-bearing in ipsilateral joint), U50488 was injected into affected joints. A two-way repeated-measure ANOVA showed significant recovery of reduced weight-bearing in the affected limb in comparison to saline. In addition to inhibited nociceptive behaviour, U50488 was also found to reduce mechanosensitive afferent nerve fibre activity in the carrageenan-induced inflamed knee using nerve recording techniques. Aside from inflammatory pain relief by U50488, the peripheral kappa opioid CR665 was found to significantly increase pain threshold to esophageal distension in a study by Arendt-Nielsen et al. (2009). This randomized, double blinded, controlled study compared the effects of CR665 against oxycodone on skin, muscle, and visceral pain stimulation in healthy males. Although CR665 increased pain threshold to esophageal distension, oxycodone had the same effect with addition to increased pain threshold to cutaneous pinch pain, cuff pressure pain, and thermal stimulation. A number of other clinical trials, on peripheral kappa agonist CR845, were reviewed by Albert-Vartanian et al. (2016). A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted on elective hysterectomy patients for analgesic efficacy before and after the procedure, using a 10 cm visual analog scale for measurement of pain intensity. If pain persisted after 24 hours, rescue medication (IV morphine) was given. Significant differences were observed in comparison to patients who only received placebo. Less use of rescue medication as well as a 2-fold decrease in pain intensity was found in patients that received CR845 before and after the surgery. Albert-Vartanian et al. (2016) also discussed a phase 2, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients electing bunionectomy surgery with fentanyl as rescue medication. Over a 48 hour period, pain was measured regularly using a visual analog scale. The study used a sum of pain intensity difference from baseline levels over 24 hours (SPID ­0-24) as a measurement for efficacy along with SPID0-36 and SPID0-48. In patients who completed the study, there was a statistically significant reduction in SPID0-24 and SPID0-48 in those treated with CR845 compared to placebo. However, there was no significant difference in the modified intent-to-treat group. In another phase 2 trial, patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis pain (>4 out of an 11 point scale) were given an oral form of CR845 with acetaminophen as a rescue drug over 2 weeks (Albert-Vartanian, 2016). A dose-dependent reduction in average pain score of 25-34% was observed. Among patients receiving the highest dose of CR845, 50% had a reduction of †°Ã‚ ¥30% in their reported pain score at the end of the 2 weeks with an 80% reduction in requirement for acetaminophen. Analgesic Efficacy with Other Measures of Pain Aside from sensory components of pain, there are affective and behavioural components of pain as well. An electrophysiological experiment conducted by Huge, Rammes, Beyer, Zieglgansberger, Azad (2009) looked at the effects of kappa opioid receptors activation on mice basolateral amygdala, an area of the brain that is involved in pain processing and pain memory formation. The field potential amplitudes were measured at baseline and under induced long-term potentiation using high frequency stimulation and the effects of kappa agonist U50488H were studied.   The experiment found that U50488H decreased baseline levels of field potential amplitude as seen in Figure 1, while these effects were inhibited by kappa receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI). Figure 1. Effects of Kappa Agonist and Antagonist on Field Potential Amplitude of Mice Amygdala. Baseline (BL): 100 ±0.5%; U50488H: 86.3 ±2.4%, nor-BNI: 100 ±4.2%. Data points show average field potential (FP)  ± Standard Error. Reproduced from Huge et al., 2009, p. 125. Prior application of U50488H before high frequency stimulation was also found to inhibit induction of long term potentiation (Figure 2) in comparison to long term potentiation induction with no drug (Figure 3). Figure 2. Effect of Kappa Agonist Pre-treatment on High Frequency Stimulated Long Term Potentiation of Mice Amygdala. U50488H: 100 ±4.1%; High Frequency Stimulation (HFS): 102.6 ±7%. Data points show average field potential (FP)  ± Standard Error. Reproduced from Huge et al., 2009, p. 126. Figure 3. Long Term Potentiation Produced by High Frequency Stimulation. Baseline (BL): 100 ±2%, High Frequency Stimulation (HFS): 119 ±4%. Data points show average field potential (FP)  ± Standard Error. Reproduced from Huge et al., 2009, p. 126. Although pain-stimulated behaviours are often used as a measure of pain, such as a withdrawal or writhing response, complementary measures are behaviours that diminish in the presence of pain stimuli (Negus, OConnell, Morrissey, Cheng Rice, 2011, p. 506-507). An experiment by Negus et al. (2011) studied the effects of peripheral and central kappa agonists compared to ketoprofen on rats trained to evoke intracranial self-stimulation using a lever, a behaviour that is depressed by pain. Intraperitoneal lactic acid injection acted as a pain-inducing stimulus, with a stretch response being a pain-stimulated behaviour to contrast with the pain-depressed behaviour of intracranial self-stimulation. It was found that the central kappa agonist (salvinorin A), peripheral kappa agonists (ffir and ICI204448), and ketoprofen all inhibited lactic acid induced stretching. However, only ketoprofen inhibited lactic acid induced depression of intracranial self-stimulation. Salvinorin A had actually i ncreased depression of intracranial self-stimulation while ffir and ICI204448 had no appreciable effect. Similar results were found when Negus et al. used depression of nesting in mice as a measure of pain (2015). Kappa agonist U69593 failed to both inhibit and reverse depression of nesting induced by intraperitoneal lactic acid and intraplantar complete Freunds adjuvant (Figure 4A 4B). However, 1-way ANOVA analysis (pFigure 4A 4B). U69593 was shown to actually depress nesting when administered independently (Figure 4C) and this effect was not able to be reversed by neither ketoprofen nor morphine (Figure 4D). Figure 4. Effects of Ketoprofen, Morphine, and U69593 on Nesting under Different Conditions. Panel A: Nesting depressed by intraperitoneal administration of 0.32% lactic acid. Panel B: Nesting depressed by intraplantar administration of complete Freunds adjuvant. Panel C: Nesting under no treatment. Panel D: Nesting depressed by U69593. Nesting represented as the number of zones cleared of nesting material. V represents drug vehicle only. Darkened points represent significant difference from drug vehicle under given condition. Reproduced from Negus et al., 2015, p. 18.       Interactions with Mu Opioids There is evidence suggesting kappa agonists have anti-addictive effects (Lalanne et al., 2014). However, it is important to evaluate the effects of kappa opioids in concurrent use with mu opioids. A study on interactions of fentanyl and U69593 in rhesus monkeys showed a decrease in the rate of drug self-administration when the kappa agonist was added to fentanyl compared to fentanyl alone (Negus, Schrode Stevenson, 2008). This effect increased with greater proportions of U69593 in the mixture (Figure 5). Using a conditioned response for food as a measurement for activity, both fentanyl and U69593 alone depressed the behaviour while mixtures showed a less than additive effect. Furthermore, at the lowest proportion tested (0.22:1 U69593/fentanyl), U69593 reduced the behaviour depressing effects of fentanyl. Figure 5. Rate of Self-Administration of Fentanyl vs. Dose of Fentanyl, U69593, or Mixture. Reproduced from Negus et al., 2008. Negus et al. also demonstrated additive thermal anti-nociception, using tail withdrawal threshold from heated water, with the fentanyl/U69593 mixtures at all proportions tested (2008). More evidence of additive effects of kappa and mu opioids was shown by Sakakihara, Imamachi, Saito using a similar method in mice (2016). Intrathecal injection of kappa agonist TRK-820 combined with morphine resulted in a stronger anti-nociceptive effect compared to morphine alone. Compared to morphine alone, kappa agonists also have benefits regarding the development of tolerance. It is well known that repeated use of mu opioids quickly develops tolerance. The addition of a kappa agonist has been shown to inhibit the development of tolerance to morphine (Hamabe, Yamane, Harada Tokuyama, 2008). Mice treated daily with subcutaneous morphine for 5 days developed reduced analgesia from morphine from days 3 to 5. However, daily administration of kappa agonist U50488H 5 minutes after injection of morphine attenuated the onset of tolerance (Figure 6). Additionally, pre-treatment of kappa receptor antagonist nor-BNI inhibited the tolerance-blocking activity of U50488H. Figure 6. Effect of Kappa Agonist U50488H on Morphine Tolerance. Each point show means  ± standard error. AUC: Area under curve. #: P Although U50488H inhibited the development of tolerance it was unable to inhibit morphine withdrawal (Tao et al., 2008). However, Tao et al. demonstrated that another kappa agonist, LPK-26, may be able to. Chronic doses of morphine, kappa agonist (LPK-26 or U50488H), or both were administered to mice over 5 days and induction of withdrawal was achieved by subcutaneous injection of naloxone 2 hours after the final dose of morphine. Chronic treatment with LPK-26 did not produce a withdrawal response. However, chronic treatment with morphine produced a strong withdrawal response in the form of withdrawal jumping. Furthermore, chronic treatment with morphine along with pre-treatment with LPK-26 had a significant reduction in withdrawal response in a dose dependent manner (Figure 7A). Body weight was also measured before and after naloxone withdrawal induction (Figure 7B). Only LPK-26 showed significant reduction of morphine-induced weight loss. Figure 7. Effects of LPK-26 and U50488H on Withdrawal Jumping and Weight Loss. Data set shown as mean  ± standard error. Reproduced from Tao et al., 2008, p.310. Discussion Analgesic Efficacy of Kappa Opioids Side effects of selective kappa agonists mainly stem from its activity in the central nervous system. These side effects are the main hindrance for pharmacologic use of kappa opioids and include dizziness, dysphoria, confusion, sedation, hallucinations, diuresis, and even psychotic symptoms at high doses (Walsh, Strain, Abreu, Bigelow, 2001). Strategies to minimize these unwanted effects revolve around limiting the activity of kappa agonists to peripheral sites of action. Local injections have been shown to reduce inflammatory pain in animal models through reduced activity of afferent nerve fibres (Auh Ro, 2012; Moon et al., 2016). Although the analgesic results mentioned were limited to animal models, in humans, intravenous administration of peripherally selective formulation CR665 also shows evidence of analgesia for visceral and surgical pain (Arendt-Nielsen et al., 2009; Albert-Vartanian et al., 2016). Furthermore, oral formulations CR665 have been shown to reduce inflammatory osteoarthritic pain in humans (Albert-Vartanian et al., 2016). Continued pain treatment is required if kappa opioids are to be considered as an alternative to mu opioids and research shows viability of kappa opioids in different formulations and routes of administration for the treatment of pain in traditional measures. The components of pain include affective elements as well, which is especially important in chronic pain. Pain affect is comprised of the unpleasant emotions associated with pain as well the emotions towards future implications of having chronic pain. The latter is based on reflections of pain memory and is known as secondary pain affect. As a consequence, chronic pain states can lead to depression and anxiety, which lowers well-being and quality of life (Price, 2000). The amygdala is a crucial structure in the brain involved in emotional learning, pain processing, and constructing of pain memories (Huge et al., 2009). Kappa opioids are able to reduce the activity and inhibit long-term potentiation in the basolateral amygdala. As long-term potentiation is considered a cellular model for learning and memory formation, kappa opioids may be able to prevent or extinguish pain memory and treat affective components of pain. However, this experiment, at the moment, is limited to mice and fu rther study is required to assess whether the results can be translated to human.   Furthermore, these results may be due to structurally specific central actions on the amygdala as other studies show evidence of dysphoric effects from central kappa opioid receptor activation (Lalanne et al., 2014). Although kappa agonists have regularly been shown to provide analgesia in assays using pain-stimulated behaviours as measurements of pain, there is contrast when pain-depressed behaviours are observed instead. Pain-depressed behaviours are behaviours that are decreased due to pain. Some examples that have been tested in animal models are feeding, movement, and reinforced behaviours. In humans, it is analogous to mood or functionality. When pain-depressed behaviours are studied, not only do centrally active kappa agonists fail to relieve pain of this aspect, they may worsen it (Negus et al., 2012; Negus et al., 2015). It should be noted that peripherally active kappa agonists relieve pain in pain-stimulated assays without affecting pain in pain-depressed assays and may be safer than centrally active kappa agonists (Negus et al., 2011). In comparison to kappa opioids, conventional analgesics such as mu opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do relieve such components of pain in addition to pain-stimulated behaviours (Negus et al., 2011; Negus et al., 2015). Even so, kappa agonist still have value as they have been shown to reduce pain in human trials as discussed previously. The studies on pain-depressed behaviours have limitations to animal models and further studies are needed to understand how clinically relevant the effects may be for humans. Managing Addiction Some of the major problems of using mu opioids for pain control are the development of tolerance, dependence, and drug abuse, which may all contribute to addiction. Although there are many other drugs that also relieve pain, the difficulty lies in managing addiction at the same time. Kappa agonists, aside from having low abuse potential, have been shown to decrease self-administration of fentanyl in animal models (Negus et al., 2008). These results are promising evidence for kappa agonists being agents to prevent opioid abuse. Also, kappa agonists have additive analgesic effects with mu opioids (Negus et al., 2008; Sakakihara et al., 2016). This possibly reduces the amount of mu opioid required for effective pain management while also reducing addiction and abuse liability due to less use. Increased usage of mu opioids may be due to the development of tolerance, requiring increased dosage to maintain analgesia. The high addictive potential of mu opioids makes this a concerning issue. However, addition of kappa agonists during administration of mu opioids may be able to significantly inhibit the development of tolerance (Hamabe et al., 2008). It may be possible to prevent the development of physical dependence and addiction to mu opioids by adding kappa agonists to drug regimens of chronic pain patients. As for those who are already affected by physical dependence on mu opioids, there is evidence that kappa opioids can inhibit withdrawal symptoms and reduce dependence (Tao et al., 2008). However, some kappa agonists, such as U50488H, do not have any significant effect. It has been suggested that the inconsistency may be due to varying affinities for different subtypes of kappa opioid receptors. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates potential for kappa agonists in managing opioid addiction through modulating dependence and withdrawal. Future studies may provide better understanding on subtype functions and improve designs for desired effects while minimize side effects. Also, as the studies regarding kappa agonist interaction with mu opioids are mainly done on animal models, further investigation is required to see whether results can be extended to humans. One important point to distinguish is non-selective versus peripherally selective kappa agonists. As mentioned previously, activation of kappa receptors in the central nervous system can lead to many side effects. Peripherally selective kappa agonists still produces analgesia, but it is uncertain whether the effects of the kappa agonists on abuse, tolerance, and dependence are due to central or peripheral activity. If these effects are due to central activity, the benefits of kappa agonists for addiction management will be limited by their undesired side effects. Still, in a study involving a peripherally selective kappa agonist and its effects on nicotine, there is some evidence suggesting that activation of peripheral kappa receptors do inhibit symptoms of withdrawal and dependence by inhibiting activity of central kappa receptors. Conclusion In conclusion, this study found that selective kappa agonists provide analgesia to inflammatory, visceral, and surgical pain. In contrast, they were not effective inhibitors of behaviour-depressing effects of pain. Specific activities of kappa receptors in the basolateral amygdala, however, may inhibit affective components of pain.   In managing addiction, kappa agonists may able to prevent mu opioid abuse, prevent the development of tolerance, inhibit the symptoms of withdrawal, and reduce physical dependence. The additive effect with mu opioids and the inhibition of tolerance development can reduce the required amount of mu opioids for effective analgesia, thus reducing abuse and addiction likelihood. Overall, selective kappa agonists are a good prospect for managing pain while combating opioid abuse and addiction. Appendix Evidence Table First Author Date of Publication Study Design Level of Evidence Study Population Therapy or Exposure Outcome/Results Albert-Vartanian 2016 Review 1 Human CR845 CR845 reduced pain with less abuse potential Arendt-Nielsen 2009 Clinical trial 1 Healthy males CR665, Oxycodone CR665 is effective on visceral pain Auh 2012 Animal model 0 Rats U-50488 Local kappa agonist attenuated inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia Hamabe 2008 Animal model 0 Mice Morphine, U-50488H Analgesic tolerance to morphine is prevented by U-50488H through suppression of PKC Huge 2009 Animal model 0 Mice U-50488H Activation of kappa receptors decrease synaptic transmission and long term potentiation in the amygdala Moon 2016 Animal model 0 Rats U-50488, Nor-BNI U-50488 inhibits nociception in arthritic knee joints of rats Negus 2008 Animal Model 0 Rhesus Monkey Fentanyl, U69593 Addition of kappa agonist to fentanyl demonstrated additive anti-nociception and decreased drug self administration Negus 2011 Animal Model 0 Rats Ffir, ICI204448, Salvinorin A Kappa agonists do not inhibit pain-depressed behaviours Negus 2015 Animal model 0 Mice Morphine, Ketoprofen, U69593 Morphine/Ketoprofen inhibited pain-depressed behaviours whereas U69593 failed to do so Sakakihara 2016 Animal Model 0 Mice Morphine, TRK-820, Nor-BNI Addition of kappa agonist to morphine may have additive anti-nociceptive effects Tao 2008 Animal Model 0 Mice Morphine, LPK-26, U50488H LPK-26 is a potent analgesic with low dependence and inhibits morphine withdrawal

Eamon De Valera :: essays research papers fc

Eamon de Valera, although born in New York City, in the United States of America, devoted his life to help the people of Ireland. As he once said it, â€Å"If I wish to know what the Irish want, I look into my own heart.† De Valera loved Ireland and its people with a deep and lasting passion. It was he, probably more than any other person in their history, who helped that country win freedom from British rule and then shaped its history well into the twentieth century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  De Valera’s mother, Catherine Coll, usually known as Kate, came to the states in 1879, at the young age of twenty-three. Like so many other Irish immigrants of that time, she had suffered from poverty, and even hunger, in her native land and saw America as a place where she could go to try and get a fresh start. She first took a job with a wealthy French family that was living in Manhattan. This is where and when she met Vivion Juan de Valera. He was a Spanish sculptor who came to the home of her employers to give music lessons to the children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1881, the couple married. A little over a year later, while living at 61 east 41st Street, Kate Coll de Valera gave birth to the couple’s only child. His name was Edward, called by Eddie at first, but would become known to the world by the Irish variation of that name, Eamon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Always in poor health, Vivion de Valera left his young family behind him and traveled to Colorado, hoping that perhaps the healthier air would help him out. Within a few months he died. Now a widow, Kate went back to work, leaving Eamon in the care of another woman who also had come from the tiny village of Bruree, in County Limerick. Later in his life, Eamon would remember occasional visits from, as he knew her, a woman in black, which ended up being his true mother. Kate de Valera decided that Eamon would be better cared for by her family back in Ireland. Before long he found himself away from noise of Manhattan, living in Bruree in a one-room house with mud walls and a thatched roof. Living with him were his grandmother, his twenty-one-year-old uncle, Pat, and young Hannie, his fifteen-year-old aunt. Shortly after Eamon arrived, the family moved to a cottage, built by the Irish government for farm workers, but it was only a little bit larger.

People v. Sisuphan Essay

Appellant Lou Surivan Sisuphan took $22,600 in cash and $7,275.51 from (Toyota Marin [the dealership] defendant) his employer’s safe on July 3, 2007. He did this in hopes that a coworker would be held responsible for the disappearance of the money and would be terminated. Sisuphan was convicted of embezzlement on April 15, 2008. In June 2008 he appeals from the judgment of conviction, contending that the trial court made a mistake when it failed to instruct the jury that at the time he took the money, he intended to return it before criminal charges were filed. He also states that the trial court excluded evidence on that he restored the money to the company, claiming this evidence proved he never intended to keep it and therefore lacked the requisite intent for the crime. Issue â€Å"The question, before us, therefore, is whether evidence that Sisuphan returned the money reasonably tends to prove he lacked the requisite intent at the time of the taking.† Was his the Fifth Amendment right to present defense and â€Å"all pertinent evidence of significance value to that defense† violated? Rule of Law The Fifth Amendment right to present defense and â€Å"all pertinent evidence of significant value to that defense† was not violated because the â€Å"return of the property is not a defense to embezzlement. Fraudulent intent is an essential element of embezzlement. Although restoration of the property is not a defense, evidence of repayment may be relevant to the extent it shows that a defendant’s intent at the time of the taking was not fraudulent.† Analysis Since Martin Sisuphan was authorized to manage the financing contracts and obtain payments from lenders on behalf of the defendant the lawsuit was effective. It does not matter that there was no intent of stealing the money because Section 508 (of the California Penal Code) states: â€Å"Every clerk, agent, or servant of any person who fraudulently appropriates to his own  use, or secretes with a fraudulent intent to appropriate to his own use, any property of another which has come into his control or care by virtue of his employment is guilty of embezzlement.† Holding The issue is that Susuiphan intended to use the money for a purpose other than to which the dealership entrusted it to him, therefore the evidence that he returned the money before criminal charges were filed is irrelevant. The judgment is affirmed. Plaintiff was sentenced to 120 days in custody and 3 years of probation.

Assassination Of JFK essays

Assassination Of JFK essays When I first approached the topic of the death of John F. Kennedy, one of our countrys most famous presidents a lot of questions came to mind, one of them being, was Oswald the only man involved? Or was his death one big conspiracy? That was the question I intended to answer. On our first day of research I went online and simply typed in the assassination of JFK and was amazed on the results I received. Well over twenty sites were related to the assassination and the conspiracy of Kennedys death. As I continued to research, I found a website containing some interesting documents on the detail of events leading up to the assassination. I also found pictures and diagrams showing the area, which is called Dealey Plaza, where the shooting actually took place. These pictures really interested me and helped me get more involved with the research and helped me make my own predictions on the course of events. I must have obtained over twenty pages of information on that one day alone. That night I sat down and read over everything at least twice to get a clear depiction on what happened since there were so many accounts and opinions of what and how it happened. This is a general overview of what happened that day. On November 22, 1963 John F. Kennedy arrived at Dallas, Texas around 11:45am, on his electoral battle tour of the southern states. By all accounts the people at the airport welcomed him positively. Governor John Connally, his wife and Jackie Kennedy, accompanied him to the limousine, which led the motorcade through the town. When the motorcade arrived at the Dealey Plaza at 12:30 it turned right from Main Street to Houston Street, then turned onto Elm passing the Schoolbook Depository Building. As the motorcade headed down Elm three gunshots rang out (the exact number was never determined but evidence showed three shots, possibly four) and everyone standing on the street ducked down for cover. Kenne...

Free Essays on Summary Of Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s

Death: The Final Stage of Growth. Summary What could possible define quality of death? Death and dying are often perceived as the antithesis of quality of life, completely opposed to overarching philosophies of health consciousness, that focus on tapping every possible resource to prolong healthy, active living, and which accepts death as a last resort, whose destination must be cloaked with as much pharmacology (both literal and figurative) as possible, in order to obtund and dull its links with suffering. Death therefore seems to resemble a dark and ominous cave. To transform such attitudes to accept death as a natural process, and to consider entry into this territory as a quality, empowering experience seems a tremendous challenge, yet this is exactly the task that psychiatrist/author Elisabeth Kubler-Ross achieves in her book Death: The Final Stage of Growth. Through multiple experiential and cultural lenses, Kubler-Ross exposes the fears that shape human perspectives of death, and simultaneously reveals new hopefulness through a model that embraces death as the epitome of human opportunity for transformation and growth. Death comes to us all. Yet as Kubler-Ross observes in her introduction to this work, acceptance of death does not come to as many as it should. All at its door seem to find tremendous fear, anxiety and revulsion at the entrance to this cave. Clearly, the general conditions of death have remained constant throughout time, though perhaps they are better documented and empirically validated today than they were in ancient history. An anonymous student nurse, enduring the end-stage of terminal illness, found himself in a unique position to comment on the institutionalization of death as it existed in 1975, as he revealed it to Kubler-Ross in Death: The Final Stage of Growth: Nursing must be advancing. I wish it would hurry. We’re taught not to be overly cheery now, to omit the ‘Everything’s fine,’ rou... Free Essays on Summary Of Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s Free Essays on Summary Of Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s Death: The Final Stage of Growth. Summary What could possible define quality of death? Death and dying are often perceived as the antithesis of quality of life, completely opposed to overarching philosophies of health consciousness, that focus on tapping every possible resource to prolong healthy, active living, and which accepts death as a last resort, whose destination must be cloaked with as much pharmacology (both literal and figurative) as possible, in order to obtund and dull its links with suffering. Death therefore seems to resemble a dark and ominous cave. To transform such attitudes to accept death as a natural process, and to consider entry into this territory as a quality, empowering experience seems a tremendous challenge, yet this is exactly the task that psychiatrist/author Elisabeth Kubler-Ross achieves in her book Death: The Final Stage of Growth. Through multiple experiential and cultural lenses, Kubler-Ross exposes the fears that shape human perspectives of death, and simultaneously reveals new hopefulness through a model that embraces death as the epitome of human opportunity for transformation and growth. Death comes to us all. Yet as Kubler-Ross observes in her introduction to this work, acceptance of death does not come to as many as it should. All at its door seem to find tremendous fear, anxiety and revulsion at the entrance to this cave. Clearly, the general conditions of death have remained constant throughout time, though perhaps they are better documented and empirically validated today than they were in ancient history. An anonymous student nurse, enduring the end-stage of terminal illness, found himself in a unique position to comment on the institutionalization of death as it existed in 1975, as he revealed it to Kubler-Ross in Death: The Final Stage of Growth: Nursing must be advancing. I wish it would hurry. We’re taught not to be overly cheery now, to omit the ‘Everything’s fine,’ rou...