Sympathy and Empathy in Early Childhood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1631 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Empathy is a trait that pushes the world in a positive direction. This trait can be defined as being able to understand and feel what someone else is going through as if you experienced it yourself. Children can often be brutally honest and the candor in their comments can lead to the harm of others. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sympathy and Empathy in Early Childhood" essay for you Create order This poses the question of whether or not empathy and sympathy are programmed into human nature. Sympathy differs from empathy by focusing on feelings of sadness, sorrow, or discomfort for others such as pity. Empathy is important in forming respect and provides a foundation upon which people have the ability to develop the proper emotions given the situations at hand. Children are the future of the world, and in order to produce supportive and understanding adults who are able to give back to their communities, families, friends and even strangers, it is important to understand empathy in children. Leading into adulthood, empathy becomes more important due to the increased availability of resources accessible to the individual. This increase in resources allows for action on a larger scale. The results of empathy often conclude in a prosocial or helping behavior which contribute to the well-being of others. These behaviors fuel positive impact in the world. It is one thing to feel another persons pain and express emotion but acting upon that feeling can make way for a better future for everyone. To gain a better knowledge on the topic of empathy in children, it is necessary to understand what leads him/her to help. In the article, Prosocial Arousal in Children, written by Robert Hepach, this topic is discussed in great detail. He reveals that childrens helping behavior emerges early in toddlerhood which suggests that helping behaviors are a part of our humanity. Whether or not the helping behavior was altruistic (without self-concern or self-benefit) or done with hopes of self-benefit, poses another element to the topic of empathy. The article states that motivation for helping cannot solely be determined by behavior or physiological aspects, but internal emotions must also be examined. In order to more fully understand the concept, Hepach asks, What is the source of childrens concern in the moment of helping? Hepach observed previous research to draw conclusions to this question. (INTEXTCITATION) Previous research revealed that children were more likely to help others if an incident occurred spontaneously rather than with planned intent. The finding provides insight into the motivations of the child. Internal arousal in children was measured, when helping, to further understanding of the childs assessment in regard to emotions on whether or not they would help the individual. After measuring the internal arousal of children, it was concluded that children experienced prosocial arousal in terms of others unfulfilled needs. The arousal is prosocial because it occurs in the presence of the needs of others. The children saw the needs of someone else and were motivated to achieve what needed to be done in order to solve the need. The presence of prosocial behavior in children is observable but a closer look must be taken to achieve a greater sense on why young children come to the aid of others in a time of need. There are many ways in which children help, whether it be: sharing toys, comforting those in distress, or providing instrumental help. Instrumental helping was observed more often than helping or comforting others, but an emotional interest was present more frequently when comforting those in distress. Children will help at seemingly random, uninstructed times, regardless of social praise. This response demonstrates an innate desire in children to help. There are multiple theories as to why children help: involve his/herself in a social interaction, coordinating goals with another individual (this theory shows less motivation in the aspect of improving others well-being), and reconstruction the natural order or tying up loose ends. To distinguish motivation, emotional and physiological aspects are observed as well as how often the child steps in to help. After reviewing studies that measured heart rate, pupil dilation, and observable characteristics, Hepach concluded younger children (children around the age of two) were motivated to help others regardless of the presence of a potential self-benefit. The question as to whether or not the helping behavior of a child can be predicted still remains unanswered. When finding out if helping behaviors can be predicted, some emotions can be tested to find a potential relationship. In the article, Predicting Sympathy and Prosocial Behavior From Young Children, a relationship between dispositional sadness, prosocial behaviors and sympathy is sought after. A longitudinal study with 256 children was conducted in hopes to find potential predictors of prosocial behaviors. At 18, 30, and 42 months, questionnaires were filled out by caregivers. The caregivers were instructed to rate their childs dispositional sadness, prosocial behaviors, and sympathy. During this time, the experimenter would be in a room with the child where he/she would drop a box of toys on his/her foot and would pretend to be injured for a minute. The incident would be videotaped and coded to rate the childs sadness, prosocial behaviors and sympathy. To rate these reactions, the coders looked for responses in the children such as how often they glanced back and forth at the experim enters foot and the experimenter, how the childs eyebrows moved, whether or not they approached the experimenter, and if they did, whether they hugged or kissed the experimenter, and other types of responsive behavior. The results of the study were not supportive of the hypothesis of sadness impacting prosocial behavior. At 18 months, higher sadness ratings typically resulted in lower prosocial behaviors. The measures of sadness were not consistent with that of the prosocial behaviors observed. They are likely to change as the children grow in age as a result of the emotional states becoming more controllable. With age, the children might show more sympathy as a result of sadness. In the two later trials, the relationship between sympathy and prosocial behaviors began to increase in strength and a more visible positive relationship was witnessed. It is difficult to distinguish a relationship between these variables earlier in the childs life but becomes more apparent later in early childhood. Sympathy can somewhat be used as a predictor of prosocial behaviors in early childhood but there are other factors that impact the presence of empathy. Nature or nurture is a debatable topic in psychology that has been present for many years. The topics of genetics and environment tend to play a role in almost every situation revolving around how someone came to be a certain way. This discussion comes into play when searching for answers regarding empathy. The article, Examining the Familial Link Between Positive Affect on Empathy Development in the Second Year helps to add to this discussion as well as components on helping, concern, and positive and negative affect. In this longitudinal study, 584 twins were observed at ages 12-25 months. It was predicted that empathy would be related to helping and that girls would show more concern. The article stated, Biological factors influence empathy and altruism. This statement was taken from previous research that had uncovered these findings. Children typically start to possess the ability to hold concern and perform helping behaviors around the age of two. In the study conducted, the researchers expected the presence of positive affect to predict greater empathy at the time of the study and at later months. The researchers also predicted the environment to explain early positive affect as well as empathy. Following previous results from other research, it was expected that girls would have higher empathic traits. During the study, the children and his/her caregiver participated in four lab appointments. Pleasure and temperament were assessed in the children during these visits and the parents filled out questionnaires. The questionnaires measured zygosity diagnoses and positive affect. The lab measures included an altered game of peek-a-boo, a puppet game, and an instance in which the caregiver would fake pain after being pinched by a clipboard. These experiments would be coded to understand the childrens empathy, helping behavior, empathic concern, negative affect, and hypothesis testing. A behavior-genetics analysis was also conducte d to comprehend the impact genetics and environment has in relation to positive affect, helping, concern, and hypothesis testing. The study found that positive affect in early childhood is related to higher empathy and helping behaviors. Slight gender differences were found which led to the findings of girls displaying more empathic and prosocial behaviors although boys are not any less capable of performing these actions. The positive affect did not differ between males and females, which was unexpected. A rise of helping, concern, hypothesis testing, and a fall in negative affect was found in the later lab tests (19-25 months). Observing twins gave the chance to observe the role that genetics and environment have in impacting positive affect and empathy. Shared environment and genetics displayed similar positive affect, empathic standings on helping, and concern. This study brings similar results from the previous study that was discussed and adds on the components of genetics and environment as to what makes a child more likely to help. Conclusion Knowing that the majority of humans are capable of feeling empathy, we can make implications as to what can help this sensation remain alive and what can be done to help it grow. Understanding that the environment in which a child resides impacts this trait can help parents in the way they raise their children in hopes to raise a respectful, kind child into a positive, caring adult. As a childs emotional state matures, empathy and sympathy begin to become more relevant in his/her life. This maturity leads to an awareness of others and gives the growing child a choice to act upon feelings of sympathy.

Classroom Procedures For Preschool Classroom - 1478 Words

Classroom Procedures for Preschool One must look at classroom management as a plan for what procedures students will follow throughout the day. Teachers must understand their role in making sure students have a successful experience each day. Wong H. Wong R., state â€Å"Effective teachers teach how to responsibly follow procedures† (2009, p. 165). To have a smooth-running classroom with minimal behaviors, students must be taught classroom procedures from the very first day. In my classroom we have procedures for many things we do each day. Some of these are arrival of children, snack time, lining up and walking down the hallway, and cleaning up centers. I have been teaching these procedures for many years with much success. Arrival of†¦show more content†¦192). Lining up and walking down the hallways is a procedure that we have also. In our classroom, we have sixteen pieces of tape lined up in front of the door, one for each student. I first started this proce dure to be sure no student was left behind in the classroom. It helped with that while at the same time giving children their own space. Our line consists of a line leader, two door holders, other students, and then at the end is the caboose. Everston and Emmer (2013), talk about how line leaders are helpful and the children like the privilege of this job. They also talk about how noise can disturb other classrooms so it’s best to not allow any talking. This is very true in our school setting. There is a flex-learning area for K-6 grade that we walk through each day. The tape for the leader, door holders, and caboose are all different so the children know where to stand. Children are expected to be quiet and to keep their hands to themselves as we walk down the hallway. To help with this we say our hallway rhyme, â€Å"Peanut butter lips, marshmallow toes, hand down to our side, and follow our nose†. Cleaning up centers is another important procedure we have. Th ree minutes before cleanup happens, the student that is the timer that day rings a drum and then turns over a three-minute sand timer. That child also chooses what the cleanup songShow MoreRelatedDual Coding Theory And Its Effect On The Way Of A Person Remembers A Memory1153 Words   |  5 Pages2 (consistency) design. There was 16 items presented in the graduate student office and in the preschool classroom, eight were consistent and eight were inconsistent. Another group of students selected the items from a 25 list of items. The participants were to judge the items on 1) consistency with a graduate’s office and inconsistent with preschool classroom and 2) consistent with preschool classroom and inconsistent with a graduate’s office. Two items from the list were acquired to demonstrateRead MoreResearch Design And Research Project903 Words   |  4 Pagesexpectations as it relates to the push to limit gender stereotypes in the classrooms of young preschool-age stud ents. 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Inclusive education is defined as students with disabilities, being supported in age appropriate general education classrooms, at their home school, and receiving specialized instruction as needed per the student’s IEP (Individualized Education Program) within the general education class curriculum and activities. Inclusion is there to help student with special needs in attending school regularlyRead MoreShould Schools Be Resistant? Technology Integration?1340 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Collins and Halverson (2009), schools can be resistant to technology integration, because it is inclined to intterupt traditional clas sroom practices. The teaching profession is known for its traditional procedures and practices. At the height of the technology boom, the majority of classroom teachers originated from a very different generation. According to National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future (2011), over half of today’s teachers are â€Å"baby boomers†, 50 years of ageRead MoreCorrelation Between Purposeful Movement Within The Classroom And Improved Attention Span With An Increase Student Achievement1382 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between purposeful movement in the classroom and improved attention span with an increase in student achievement. In this chapter important literature was reviewed to bring light to movement, active learning and the effects it has on the human brain. In many settings, early childhood education is becoming increasingly structured, with emphasis on academic achievement and testing. Using movement activities throughout the day

Is America prepared for another terrorist attack Free Essays

string(159) " Authorities are also experimenting with facial recognition software, though existing versions are of limited use in scanning crowds for suspected terrorists\." Terrorism is one of the disasters feared all over the world. America particularly is most prone to a terrorist attack than any other nation. The government has tried to come up with several measures to ensure they are ready and prepared to counter any terrorist attack that may occur, especially after the unexpected 2001 September 11th attack. We will write a custom essay sample on Is America prepared for another terrorist attack? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, eight years later, America is still not fully prepared incase of another attack. This term paper addresses the issue of the preparedness of America in dealing with or preventing terrorist attacks. Is America prepared for another terrorist attack? Introduction The threat of terrorist events involving weapons of mass destruction is real. The September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon changed the United States forever, ushering in a host of new and unprecedented realities for the American people, for the intelligence and national security communities, for medical personnel, for private security entities, and perhaps especially for the police, fire, and emergency medical personnel. In particular, police, fire and emergency medical service personnel, the agencies and individuals most likely to be the first responders to possible terrorist attacks, faced compelling demands to adopt new strategies and tactics, to undertake new training, and to view their roles and their work in an entirely different way. This term paper aims at finding out whether the American government has prepared enough to counter another terrorist attack without experiencing the problems encountered in 2001. The police, fire and emergency medical personnel As first responders, police, fire, and emergency medical service personnel are our first line of defense in case of a terrorist attack, but the enormity and complexity of the challenges that they face makes it abundantly clear that they alone cannot bear the responsibility for ensuring our safety. Although first responders play an absolute critical role in homeland security and domestic preparedness, and although a great deal of attention and resources have already been focused on them to counter the terrorist threat, much more needs to be done. Perhaps most important, realistic potential that American people, towns, and cities may again come under attack from terrorist demands that significant system changes occur throughout the range of public agencies and private entities charged with the responsibility of ensuring public safety. For the American government to be fully prepared, it must develop and implement a broader, more coordinated, more cohesive, and more focused approach to terrorism and to weapons of mass destruction and that approach must involve new relationships between and among all of these public agencies and private entities. (Roberts, 2005) The police and the emergency workers who might be called on to respond initially to a nuclear, biological, or chemical event are not adequately trained to deal effectively with those events. This is not to say that most police and emergency workers lack any training in this area. It means that they lack the highly specific training and special expertise required to recognize and deal with many of the complex and unique threats posed by such events. At present, many also lack the special tools, gear, and protective equipment these events may require. Patrol officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel who initially respond to an event involving weapons of mass destruction should not be expected to undertake the specific duties and responsibilities that are better performed by well-equipped and more highly trained specialists. (Lustick, 2006) Since they lack the necessary equipments to deal with the crisis, their primary role should be to recognize the threat, to minimize additional exposure to chemical or biological agents, to ensure safety of victims, to safeguard the scene, and to report their findings to those more competent to deal with these issues. Another primary responsibility is to minimize their own contact with the chemical of biological agent and to provide as much information as possible to ensure the safety and the effectiveness of other responding units. First responders who rush in to a weapons of mass destruction event not only risk death or serious injuries from secondary devices that may have been placed at or near the scene precisely to disable or kill rescuers, but they may also become a significant liability to other victims as well as to other responders if they become contaminated or injured themselves. Such first responders who rush in and become victims may exacerbate the overall problem, consuming precious time and resources. (Mandaville, 2009) Developing capacity to prevent terrorist attacks Surveillance, physical barriers, and advanced technology have played a prominent role in the security improvement efforts explored by most communities since the September 11th terrorist attack. For example, security cameras are keeping watch over banks, embassies, schools, and a variety of other buildings as well as traffic intersections, shopping centers, parks and many other public gathering spaces. The striking image of London subway bombers captured by the cities extensive video surveillance system and a raising sense that similar attacks could happen in the United States are renewing interest in expanding police camera of public places. The London bombings showcased the capabilities of digital video surveillance system when ,after July 7 and July 21, 2005, attacks, authorities quickly produced relatively high resolution images of the suspected bombers that benefited fast moving investigators. However, critics said that the London attacks also highlighted the limitations of camera surveillance: they did not prevent terrorist bombings in the heart of the city. (Forest, 2006) Still, even with suicide bombers, camera surveillance can help with the hunt for the terrorist cells that provide them with crucial logistical support. Emerging technologies offer even greater promise. In 2006, Chicago installed gunshot detection equipment on cameras to automatically alert authorities and point the camera in the direction of the sound. Also, New Jersey Transit has a pilot project in one station that uses computer analysis of video to alert authorities of suspicious behavior, such as someone leaving a package behind. Authorities are also experimenting with facial recognition software, though existing versions are of limited use in scanning crowds for suspected terrorists. You read "Is America prepared for another terrorist attack?" in category "Papers" In San Francisco, the mayors have been noted advocates for expanding the city’s surveillance camera program. (Alexandrov, 1996) Another example of preparedness for a terrorist attack is by the Long Beach Airport in southern Los Angeles County, which has developed a plan to implement a sophisticated wireless video surveillance platform. The airport, an alternative to Los Angeles International Airport hosts major Airlines such as Alaska Airlines, America West Airlines and Jet Blue Airways. The new wireless surveillance system’s purpose is to enable three separate Long Beach Airport security operation centers to simultaneously monitor distant sites, including secured airport areas, public parking lots, and road way tunnels. This system provides a single wireless solution for viewing, storing and managing real-time video from more than 100 cameras, becoming one of the very first wireless surveillance systems to be installed at any airport in the United States. With this integrity, security platform personnel at three locations in Long Beach (the Command and Control Centre, the Security Operations Centre, and the Security Safety Office) will be able to monitor information while viewing live video feeds at the same time from the same computer. (Fawdah etal, 2003) Video surveillance has also become a prominent feature of the nation’s passenger railways. For example, the Washington D. C. , Metro system has partnered with the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Transportation, and the Department of Justice to develop the Program for Response Options and Technology Enhancements for Chemical or Biological Terrorism (PROTECT). PROTECT combines a closed-circuit television (CCTV) system, an operations control centre, and advanced sectors to alert authorities if a terrorist releases a chemical or a biological agent on a subway platform or in a train. Preparing Americans Psychologists are beginning to have a stronger appreciation of the fact that humans are extremely resilient, even in times of crisis. Accordingly, the American government should also try to nurture the quality of resilience in its citizens. More recent work has considered how this concept has relevance, not just for adults, but also for communities, particularly in the wake of a disaster; it is argued that community resilience can be nurtured through readiness, response and recovery phases of a disaster. So, for instance, by minimizing the subject fear of terrorism, the American government can empower its citizens to exert a greater level of confidence in their respective communities’ abilities to anticipate and respond to security threats. Ultimately, in doing so, one of the most potent weapons that terrorists possess -fear- may be squashed. (Rowitz 2005) Its also critical not to install fear in individuals when preparing for disaster, since such individuals generally ignore such messages; additionally, fear arousing information is particularly helpful when followed by practical suggestions as how to address given concerns. Some have argued that the Department of Homeland Security, along with its affiliated Web site(www. ready. gov) has failed to appropriately address individuals’ fears and the ways to nurture resilience by making extreme and often erroneous suggestions (e. g. , encouraging individuals to have a supply of antibiotics on hand) while not addressing events that have a greater likelihood of promoting panic (e. g. , how to get trampled in a crowd should a â€Å"dirty bomb† attack occur). (Ursano, etal 2003) Analysis There is no further need to speculate as to how the American government would likely respond to a terrorist attack, such as the 2001 terrorist attack. It is evident that significant work remains in order to secure the American Homeland incase of an attack or when disaster strikes. The occurrence of Hurricane Katrina was a good indicator of America’s preparedness. By the end of four days or so after Katrina struck, National Guardsmen and supplies started to pour into the city. Most, but not all, residents had been evacuated out of New Orleans and left with very uncertain futures. The rescuers were met unprepared, which led to delays in rescuing the victims. Katrina dramatically revealed the incredible degree to which we are still unable to respond and proactively anticipate disasters. However, that there have been, are, and will likely always be large gaps in protecting the American homeland should not be surprising. In a country as geographically vast as the United states, American needs to appreciate that –regardless of whether politicians may promise-every square inch of this country can not be guarded or protected at all times. Whether in a mall, on a train, at a school or in the work place, most of us are probably well aware that if someone is intent on carrying out a physical harm to others, there is a good probability that such an event will occur. Sadly, there are many instances of deadly violence that have occurred at all of the above locations and others, such as the shooting, rampage that took place in 1993 on the Long Island Railroad or the 1999 Columbine High School Massacre. There is also a difference between acts executed by one by one or two troubled individuals versus those committed by an organized group of individuals such as al Qaeda members. While we can fully eradicate the risk of single terrorists, we can certainly do more to minimize the risk posed by terrorists groups, although this risk too can never be completely eliminated. Conclusion The new realities of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction demand a new set of policies, practices and relationships among and between a host of entities and institutions charged with the responsibility to ensure public safety. The government still has a lot of work to do in readiness of effective response should another terrorist attack occur. As learnt from the experiences and lessons of the September 11th attacks on the world Trade Centre and the Pentagon, police, fire, and emergency medical services face unprecedented challenges in the future, and similar challenges confront virtually every institution in the United States. As seen in this paper, there are a lot of issues, problems and threats posed by the specter of terrorism and terrorists’ use of weapons of mass destruction. This calls for the need for highly coordinated response and recovery planning that integrates resources, skills, personnel, and capabilities of a range of public sector organizations. No plan can pretend to be perfect, there are simply too many unforeseen issues and exigencies that arise in specific events, and the planning must therefore be crafted for flexibility and adaptability. This involves nothing less than a new midst that accepts, accounts for, and takes up the challenges posed by the realities of our world. Recent studies reveal the extent and the dimension of the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction, their availability to terrorists and extremist groups, and the massive casualties that can inflict on public safety personnel and members of the public. These threats are not likely to subside, and in fact may increase. (Ackerman 2007). There is a pressing need for more and better training for the first responders to such events so that they can recognize events involving weapons of mass destructions and so that they can operate safely to minimize deaths, injuries, and damage. Similarly, there’s need for more and better equipment to help rescuers achieve their goals. This calls for a new mindset among emergency workers, and a mindset for of safety and preparedness that infiltrates all their duties and activities. In addition to anticipating and preventing terrorism, Americans need to have a better understanding of the root causes of terrorism. We should not excuse or condone the actions of terrorists. It is also naive logic to presume that terrorists are simply evil individuals and that killing such people will end the security concerns. Individuals such as al Qaeda leaders Osama bin Laden, Ayman Al-Zawahiri, and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi absolutely need to be captured or killed. References 1) Forest James J. F. (2006). Homeland Security: Public spaces and social institutions. Greenwood Publishing Group 2) Roberts Albert R. 3rd edition. (2005). Crisis intervention handbook: assessment, treatment, and research. Oxford University Press US; pg 189-198 3) Rowitz Louis (2005). Public health for the 21st century: the prepared leader. Jones Bartlett Publishers; pg 80-90 4) Lustick Ian (2006). Trapped in the war on terror. University of Pennsylvania Press; pg 8 5) Ackerman Bruce A. (2007). Before the Next Attack: Preserving Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism. Yale University Press; pg 114-116 6) Mandaville Michael(2009). Citizen-Soldier Handbook: 101 Ways Every American Can Fight Terrorism. Dog Ear Publishing, 2009; pg 89-95 7) Fawdah Yusri, Fielding Nick. (2003) Masterminds of terror: the truth behind the most devastating terrorist attack the world has ever seen. Arcade Publishing; pg 201 8) Alexandrov Stanimir A. (1996). Self-defense against the use of force in international law; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; pg 181-183 9) Ursano Robert J. , Fullerton Carol S. , Norwood Ann E. (2003). Terrorism and disaster: individual and community mental health interventions. Cambridge University Press; pg 287 How to cite Is America prepared for another terrorist attack?, Papers

Leadership in Aviation Business Opportunities

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Aviation for Business Opportunities. Answer: Introduction The safety and operational issues stemming from drastic environmental concerns have provided a major focus to alter the leadership attributes of the aviation sector. The majority of the leaders has faced the sustainability issue and global challenges to meet the set goals of the airline organisations. At the same time, the diversified business environment has also given lessons to the leaders on how to cope up with the challenges and allied business opportunities (Assaf Josiassen, 2011). This scenario has become more crucial as the global aviation industry has experienced a range of alteration due to the socio-economic fluctuation and other political factors. Considering the fact, the current study attempts to discuss the characteristics of the successful leaders in the aviation industry, followed by the identification of its impact on the organisational performance. A range of personal experience and the general opinion of the leaders have been conducted to draw a potential inference of the study. The contribution made by the leaders to the success of the aviation organisations Leaders are the key factors for making the business opportunities by influencing all the economic, societal, political, and the technological determinants. It has been identified in the case of United Airlines Flight 232 DC-10 accident; there is a good implementation of contingency leadership in Captain AI Haynes leadership style. The followers are the most important factor as the people adhered the way that allowed the crew to perform an emergency landing to save the lives of the travellers. According to the opinion of Greenstein (2009), loss of some passengers had occurred but the decision had also helped to survive the lives maximum passengers and the flight officials. Furthermore, the Ansett Airlines is one of the leading examples to grow slowly from the Ansett Airlines to Ansett-ANA. Considering the words of McClellan (2009), the effective leadership style like McGregor's X-Y Theory has been followed by the leaders of Ansett to expand the business. Supporting this, Hicks (2013) cited that the founder of the Southwest Airlines has focused on the good citizenship behaviour to increase the superior performance. The leaders of the Southwest Airlines focus on making work culture for enthusiastic motivate the employees to be the organisational citizens. Adding to this, the founder of the JetBlue inspired the employees to the organisational citizenship through the factor of dedication (Rolkov Farkaov, 2015). Later on, the founder has progressed to form another successful airline like Azul Brazilian. Thus, it could be inferred that the contribution of the leaders is effective to establish the organisational success. The characteristics of the successful leaders in the industry Without the presence of a strong leader an organisational cannot be successful in the industry. The past scholars voted that self-management is one of the foremost characteristics of a successful leader. In the opinion of Ruderman (2008), an effective leader can regulate the time, feelings, attention and emotion to reinforce the strengths of the organisation and the employees. The resilience of the leaders involves managing the stress of the employees outside the work. It has been found that a successful manager has the capability to use the power correctly. The responsibility and the accountability of the leaders help the organisation to reduce the operational mistakes and establishing a balancing perspective for taking suitable actions (Steiner, 2013). Furthermore, the team building initiatives are one of the most participating approaches of the leaders to reform a group with a distinct personality and the skills for increasing the organisational productivity. Considering the opinion of Saini (2015), the leaders must follow a good code of conduct and the best ethical practices for increasing the organisation value and employee loyalty index. The problem-solving capacity of the leaders requires a variety of ideas and opinions to eliminate any organisational conflicting situation. The problem-solving attitude of the leaders is beneficial for minimising the environmental issues of the aviation sector. Hence, it could be deduced that the leaders of the organisation have to preserve a sustain vision for making a concrete goal for the organisation. Identifying the three levels of analysis of leadership theory The three levels of leadership have the ability to anticipate and deal with the changes for establishing good leaders apart from the others. Every organisation has a greater need for employing an effective leadership. As per the three domain leadership model, the simple structure of the leadership model develops the employee skills by providing a good framework for training the employees (Shinfuku, 2010). The three levels of leadership theory can be categorised as below: Managing self for leadership domain Leading and managing the team and organisation domain Leading, managing, and adapting to the external environment domain The first level of leadership capacity in the model identifies the skill and talent of the subordinates. The management provides a good training session to the employees for increasing the performance measures (McClellan, 2009). The second domain is the reflection of the effective work of the leaders in the changing environment within the workplace. The third level helps the leaders to build a strong formal and informal network team to obtain regular feedback on the organisational process. Hence, the leader reviews the actions and modifies the strategies as per the requirement of the organisational success. Discussing the role of a leader in contributing to group effectiveness In order to develop a socially-based relationship role of a leader is a foremost important factor. The socially based relationship with the followers is significant as it is more effective rather than the economic-based relationship. As per the opinion of Greenstein (2009), it is the leaders ability to build potential organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). It has been speculated that OCB is required to openly recognise the performance of the employees and provide an attractive formal reward system. OCB is also beneficial to promote an effective organisational culture (Rolkov Farkaov, 2015). Adding to this, employee retention policy of the leaders is another significant factor that influences the quality the employee relationship status of an organisation. In the case of Aviation Industry, employee retention is one of the most important opportunities to inspire the workforce. Furthermore, the leaders can create a positive exchange environment that allows the subordinates to align the social identities with the organisational identities. The span of control becomes more effortless and valuable as the followers can communicate directly with the leaders. In the opinion of Steiner (2013), the leader provides a high structure for the extreme job satisfaction of the employees. AS the followers do not provide any types of authority leadership, thus, the leaders offer consideration in the workplace to uphold a good organisational culture. For an example, Saini (2015) mentioned that Emirates Group, France Group and the Lufthansa Group are leading players to improve the group effectiveness through the assistance of a potential leader. Hence, effective team building attitude, well communicator and a good decision making approach are the most imperative role of a good leader in the aviation sector. Discussing the positive impact of leadership on organisational performance in the aviation industry Being able to maintain strategic business planning: The leadership approach in the airline sector helps to develop a strategic business plan. Eventually, the complex tasks get resolved. A sound leader brings workforce motivation and engages the employees within the business analysis process. Finally, the actual business need gets identified. A flexible leader also helps the staff to conduct a variety of market survey to determine the loopholes and the strength of the firms. Thus, the identified gaps can be minimised. The brand gets higher sustainability as well. Audley et al. (2010) also added that best in class leaders become able to look the variation of the industry and exploit technology to draw a new business model. Leaders from the corporate like Emirates, British Airline, etc. have managed to take care of the cost efficiency and greater differentiation of the brands from the others. Eventually, the brands have successfully managed the potential relationship with the investors. Improving the customer focus and brand identity: A flexible leadership style considers the Fielders Contingency theory, which helps to execute more control to the compound business situation. Assaf Josiassen (2011) stated that leaders in the aviation industry need to follow a Dyadic Approach to increase the team effectiveness and the overall organisational success. Similarly, the majority of the directors working in the air transport sector develop a vertical dyadic theory and leader-member exchange theory to create individual responses among the in groups and out groups. For example, the integration and self-promotion of the Ryanairs leaders make it feasible to maintain greater brand identity in the global aviation sector (Cento, 2009). Thus, it can be stated that the improved responses make the leaders able to identify the basic need of the customers depending on which, strategic intervention takes place. Therefore, the brand image increases. Describing the determinants of organisational performance The internal and external business environment can be considered as the determinant of the corporate performance of the airline industry. Suppliers, competitors and the market uncertainty are considered as the external circumstances that direct the execution of the airline firms. Eid Zaidi (2010) supported the fact and stated that the internal locus of control helps the air leaders to prefer a participative style, which improves the approach towards the employee. Thus, the overall performance increases. On the other hand, Neises (2013) stated that more than 35% of the aviation firms lack from adequate corporate governance and leadership approaches to managing the brand sustainability in the global business environment. Nicolini Salini (2006) stated that Emirates Airline has become successful in executing effective branding strategy and innovativeness as well. As a whole, the brand has met higher organisational success. Thus, the two dimensions need to be integrated each other to ac hieve long-term business goals in the volatile and turbulent market situation also. The leadership skills developed for the personal and professional life experience The Path-Goal and Contingency Theory have helped the researcher while gathering the live expertise in the aviation sector. While managing employee attrition in the Ryanair airline, a lot of employee resistance and the turbulent business situation had been experienced by the current researcher. However, the employment of path-goal theory has helped to retain a few skilled workers, due to the introduction of attractive reward paths and career goals (Nataraja Alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ AaliAbdulrahman, 2011). Thus, the retained employees became motivated, and Ryanair airline again started performing significantly in the global business market. The experience not only improved organisational performance but also helps in improving the personal life experience as well. On the other hand, the Fielders Contingency theory has also helped to identify the operational gaps of National DC8, which met a crash in the year 1991. Past researchers have also revealed the fact that the lack of contingency pulling and technological adaptation had reduced the operational efficacy and resulted from massacre for the airline (Gures et al. 2014). Thus, developing a romantic element within the leaders has become a mandatory factor to improve the brand image and sustainability in the global market. Thus, it can be stated that the employment of contingency theory could help the leaders developing strategic goals and meet the long-term vision as well. Conclusion Managing safety, competency and sustainability have become a crucial task for the aviation industry. Lots of ups and downs are experienced by the global airline organisations. In the majority of the times, lack of strategic planning and corporate governance created issues within the industry. The overall analysis indicates that strategic planning comes from a sound leadership style, which prioritises on environmental sustainability, ethical behaviour and the overall organisational performance as well. A participative leadership nature can generate openness within the operational system, as it allows free involvement of the stakeholders in the decision making process. Therefore, managing environmental sustainability along with the organisational competitiveness could become an easy task for the airline organisations. With an increase of the business status, the trust factor and the brand loyalty index of the aviation industry can be improved. As a whole, the firm level and external st akeholder related benefit can be offered in the global context. References: Assaf, A.G. Josiassen, A. (2011) The operational performance of UK airlines: 2002à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2007, Journal of Economic Studies, 38(1), 516. Audley, A.-M., Carlsen, K.-H. Fletcher, M. 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